Thirteenth Census of the: United States: 1910 


BULLETIN 


MINING : UNITED STATES 

O O A L 

Text and tables prepared by JOHN D. A. MORROW, Special Agent, under the supervision of ISAAC A, HOURWICH, Expert Special Agent for Mining 


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CONTENTS. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Page. 


Definitions and explanations. 3 

Scope of census. 3 

Period covered. 3 

Coal mining and coke manufacture at the mines. 3 

Number of operators. 3 

Coal land controlled. 3 

Capital. 3 

Expenses. 4 

Salaries. 4 

Administrative expenses of general offices. 4 

Wages. 4 

Supplies. 4 

Miscellaneous expenses. 4 

Use of long and short tons. 4 

Value of products. 4 

Persons engaged in the industry. 4 

Primary horsepower. 4 

PART I.—THE INDUSTRY AS A WHOLE. 

General summary for the United States. 5 

Geographical distribution of coal mining. 6 

Producing fields of the United States. 6 

Production by geographic divisions and leading states.. 6 

Statistics of coal mining by geologic regions. 6 

Map showing coal mining fields in the United States: 1909.. 7 

Progress of the coal mining industry. 8 

Production by geographic divisions and leading states: 

1909, 1902, and 1889... 8 

Production by geologic regions: 1909 and 1889. 9 

Statistics for the United States: 1909 and 1889. 10 

Population and coal production: 1849-1909. 11 

Statistics of engines and power: 1909 and 1902. 11 

Character of organization. 12 

General summary. 12 

Statement for incorporated and unincorporated operators. 12 

Industrial affiliations of operators. 13 

Scale of production. 14 

Size of mines. 14 

Classification of operators according to value of products. 14 
Classification of operators according to the number of 

wage earners employed. 15 

Classification of operators according to acreage controlled. 15 

Distribution of expenses. 16 

Persons engaged in the industry. 16 

Occupational status. 16 

Classification of wage earners according to occupation... 17 

Wage earners employed, by months. 18 

Hours of labor. 18 

Power. 19 

PART H.— PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE COAL. 

Introduction. 20 

Location of the anthracite deposits. 20 

Methods of production. 20 

Number of collieries. 20 

General summary. 20 

Progress of the industry. 21 

Railway affiliation of operators. 21 

Scale of production. 22 

Classification of operators according to value of products. 22 
Classification of operators according to number of wage 

earners employed. 22 

Classification of operators according to coal land acreage. 22 


Page. 


Expenses. 23 

Distribution of expenses for all collieries. 23 

Expenses and related data for mines and washeries. 23 

Royalty payments. 24 

Wage earners. 24 

Employment of wage earners above and below ground 

for different classes of collieries. 24 

Number of days collieries were operated. 25 

Map showing anthracite fields of Pennsylvania. 25 

PART HI —BITUMINOUS COAL. 

General summary. 26 

Statistics for mines with and without coke manufacture, 

by states. 26 

Map showing relative production, by states. 27 

Coal mining exclusive of coke manufacture at the mines, 

by states. 28 

Statistics of different kinds of bituminous coal. 28 

Progress of the industry. 29 

Comparative statistics, by states: 1909 and 1889. 29 

Statistics of land held by operators. 31 

Extent of holdings. 31 

Production according to tenure of land, by states. 32 

Statistics of holdings, by states: 1909 and 1889. 32 

Mines classified according to the relation of total expenses to 

value of products. 33 

Methods of mine operation. 34 

Pick and machine mining. 34 

Kind of mine opening. 35 

Disposition of coal. 36 

Statistics of commercial and of local operators. 37 

Statistics of operators classified according to their industrial 

affiliation. 38 

Scale of production. 38 

Size of mines. 38 

Classification of operators according to value of products. 39 
Classification of operators according to acreage controlled. 40 

Expenses. 40 

Average expenses per ton of coal, by states. 40 

Average expenses per ton of coal, for selected mines, by 

states. 41 

Expenses and related data for mines classified according 

to method of mining, selected states. 41 

Expenses and related data for mines classified according 

to kind of opening, selected states. 43 

Royalty payments, by states. 44 

Persons engaged in the industry. 44 

Classification according to general occupational status, 

by states. 44 

Classification of wage earners according to occupation, by 

states. 45 

Maximum and minimum numbers of wage earners re¬ 
ported, by states. 45 

Hours of labor, by states. 46 

Power. 47 

Mines operated with and without mechanical power, by 

states. 47 

Comparative statistics of power, by states: 1909 and 1902. 47 

PART IV.—GENERAL STATISTICS: 1909. 

Introduction. 49 

General statistics, by states: 1909. 50 


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INTRODUCTION. 



This report is arranged in four parts. Part I treats 
of the industry as a whole; Part II covers Pennsyl¬ 
vania anthracite; Part III deals with bituminous coal; 
and Part IV presents a comprehensive summary of the 
general statistics obtained by the census of coal mines, 
from which the special tables of Parts I, II, and III 
are derived. 

Definitions and explanations.—In order that the text 
and tables of this report may be entirely clear, the fol¬ 
lowing definitions and explanations are submitted: 

Scope of census. —The statistics of coal refer to the United States 
exclusive of all outlying possessions. The Thirteenth Census did 
not extend to the Philippine Islands, and in the other noncontiguous 
territory of the United States no coal was mined, except in Alaska, 
where five producing mines reported an output of 3,464 tons, valued 
at $16,450. Owing to the incompleteness of the reports, no other 
data can be given for the Alaskan coal mines, and the items just 
given are not included in any subsequent table or statement. 

The census returns cover two general classes of operations: First, 
those which produced coal during the year 1909, and second, those 
which were in course of development but did not produce coal 
during that year. The tables of Parts I, II, and III deal with pro¬ 
ducing enterprises only; the statistics of nonproducing mines are 
given in the detailed table in Part IV. 

Small bituminous mines producing less than 1,000 tons each and 
mines idle during the entire year 1909 were omitted from the 
census. 

Period covered. —The returns of all anthracite producers cover the 
calendar year 1909. Those of bituminous producers cover the calen¬ 
dar year 1909, or the business year which corresponded most nearly 
to that calendar year. This gives a report of a full year’s operations 
for all mines except those which were shut down during a portion of 
the year, in which case, of course, the returns cover only a part of 
a year’s operations. 

Coal mining and coke manufacture at the mines. —Many bitu¬ 
minous mines are operated directly in connection with coke manu¬ 
facture at the mines. It was the intention in such cases to secure 
separate reports for coal mining and for coke making. Many opera¬ 
tors, however, did not segregate their reports, but rendered one com¬ 
bined report for both enterprises, on the ground that these activities 
were so closely related as to render separate reports difficult and 
possibly inaccurate. In view of this condition of the returns, the 
statistics of bituminous coal mining have in general been arranged 
in two groups: First, statistics which relate solely to mines at which 
no coke was made; second, statistics which cover all those enter¬ 
prises where both operations were conducted. This is done, not 
only to secure greater accuracy, but to give figures which reflect the 
actual conditions of operation for the industry. In order to present 
data comparable with those of preceding census reports, figures are 
presented in a few tables for all mines as mines, the data having been 
adjusted, as explained in connection with the tables, to exclude the 
items attributable to the manufacture of coke. 

In the statistics for enterprises engaged both in coal mining and in 
coke making there is a certain unavoidable lack of uniformity. It 
was intended to have these figures cover only mines at which coke 
was made during the year 1909, but occasionally an operator ren¬ 
dered a single combined report covering several mines, one or more 


of which were operated with coke production and one or more with¬ 
out coke production; hence a few mines without coke ovens were 
necessarily included in the statistics of the coke-making group. 

In each of the three states, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, a single 
operator made coke at a mine, but the entire quantity produced in 
these states was too small to justify separate presentation, and it has 
not been included in any part of this report. 

Number of operators. —In determining the number of operators, 
subsidiary companies have not been considered separate operators, 
but each holding or owning company, together with all its sub¬ 
sidiary concerns, has been counted as one operator. 

Coal land controlled. —The acreage of coal land shown covers 
the holdings of none but operating concerns, and therefore is 
exclusive of the lands of nonoperating holders. Since producers 
reported their total holdings, the acreage given necessarily includes 
large areas held in reserve for future development. 

Pennsylvania anthracite operators reported 10,975 acres of coal 
land sublet to each other, which was reported twice in the total 
holdings reported by all operators. This duplication has been 
eliminated from the total acreage shown for Pennsylvania anthra¬ 
cite, but can not be eliminated from the subtotals given for owned 
and leased acreage, since the lessors did not report the form of tenure 
by which they controlled the land reported sublet. 

Capital. —Operators were required to report the total amount of 
capital, both owned and borrowed, which they had invested in the 
business on the last day of the business year. This includes the 
operator’s investment in property owned, together with cash on 
hand, operating accounts, and bills receivable. The value of lands, 
buildings, and equipment held under lease is not included in the 
amount reported, but the capital reported does cover the value 
of the leases themselves. Owing to diverse methods of book¬ 
keeping in use by different companies, to the fact that some 
operators apparently reported capital stock at its par value instead 
of actual capital invested, and to the further fact that in some 
cases the returns include investments in large areas of reserve coal 
lands, the statistics of capital lack uniformity and can be used 
only to show very general conditions. 

Expenses. —The expenses reported include all direct expenses of 
operation and development. Interest payments and dividend 
disbursements are not included, nor has any allowance been made 
for depreciation. In coal mining, depreciation is of two kinds: 
(1) The gradual destruction of the investment in coal lands, due 
to the mining out of the coal; (2) the gradual destruction of the 
investment in the development of the mine, due not only to the 
deterioration of inside and outside equipment and construction, 
but also to the fact that shafts, slopes, entries, etc., have no value 
after the coal is exhausted. Depreciation of the first kind, for 
mines operated on leased lands, is fully covered in the census 
returns by the royalties paid and included in the expenses reported 
by the operators; but for mines operated on lands owned by the 
operators it is not covered by any item in the expenses reported 
to the census. For the second kind of depreciation no allowance 
as such has been included in the expenses reported, but it should 
be borne in mind that the mine operators did include expenditures 
for permanent improvements, betterments, and replacements 
made during the year, which may offset the depreciation of this 
second kind. The total amount thus expended and included in 
the total expenses reported by anthracite operators was $6,060,000. 
Bituminous operators reported a total of $14,152,000 for “cost of 
development work,’’ but many operators carried no separate account 

( 3 ) 




4 


COAL MINING. 


of such expenditures, nor was there uniformity of method among 
those who did. Accordingly, the amount actually expended at 
bituminous mines for this purpose may have been considerably 
greater than the above total. 

Both gross and net expenses are shown for anthracite. The 
gross expenses given involve a certain amount of duplication, as 
explained in the paragraph on “Wages.” 

Salaries.—Except as explained in the following paragraph on 
“Administrative expenses of general offices,” the amount of salaries 
shown includes all payments to officials, superintendents, managers, 
and salaried employees in general offices, as well as the payments 
to salaried employees at the mines. 

Administrative expenses of general offices.—Occasionally a com¬ 
pany operating bituminous mines in more than one state reported 
as a total the expenses of its general office and did not apportion 
these expenses among its different mines or even among the differ¬ 
ent states covered by its operations. States affected by returns of 
this kind from bituminous mine operators were Arkansas, Colorado, 
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, 
Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas, Washington, West Vir¬ 
ginia, and Wyoming. In order to show the total expenses for the 
mines of the states mentioned it was necessary to distribute these 
administrative expenses among these states by estimate. It was 
not thought desirable, however, to include under the heading of 
“Salaries” the salary payments thus distributed, since the em¬ 
ployees of general offices to whom these salaries were paid could not 
be similarly distributed by states. Accordingly, the distribution 
was made as follows: The total expenses of each general office were 
apportioned as a single item among the mines of that company in 
the proportion which the total expenses as separately reported for 
each mine bore to the aggregate for all the mines of the company, 
and the amount so assigned to each mine was included in ‘ ‘ Miscella¬ 
neous expenses.” In consequence, the total amount of salaries ap¬ 
pearing as such in the statistics of bituminous coal for the several 
states mentioned is slightly less than it should be, while the total 
for miscellaneous expenses is correspondingly exaggerated. How¬ 
ever, these apportioned items are relatively small, so that the 
items for each state are approximately correct, and, in the totals for 
the United States, the general office employees, their salaries, and 
other general office expenditures, are included under the proper 
headings. The condition herein noted applies only to the statistics 
of bituminous coal in tables of Part III and Part IV. 

Wages.—The wages shown in the tables of this report for the 
year 1909 are the gross earnings of the men. The census schedule of 
inquiries for mines called for the amount of net wages; that is, the j 
amount remaining after deductions had been made from gross j 
earnings on account of blacksmithing, explosives, oil, etc., fur¬ 
nished the employees by the operators, and also called for the 
amount of such deductions made. Deductions aggregating 
$12,108,000 were reported by bituminous operators, but examina¬ 
tion of the returns showed that the practice as to entries under 
this heading, and consequently as to the reporting of net wages, 
was not uniform. It was evident that uniform data for wages at 
bituminous mines could be secured only by using gross earnings, 
and this figure was obtained, where not directly given, by adding 
together the net wages and the amount of deductions reported, 
which gave the original gross earnings. For the sake of uniformity 
the returns of anthracite operators were treated in the same manner, 
and hence gross earnings constitute the “Wages” shown in all the 
tables of this report. However, the total gross expenses thus ob¬ 
tained for anthracite mines involve a certain amount of duplication, 
due to the fact that the cost of explosives and oil afterwards sold to 
employees for mining purposes is included in the cost of supplies 
reported by the operators, while at the same time the wages shown 
are the gross earnings of the men before any deductions had been 


made for these supplies. In order to eliminate this duplication, the 
amount deducted by the operators from the gross earnings of their 
employees on this account, namely, $4,872,913, has been subtracted 
from the gross expenses to give net expenses. 

Supplies.—This item includes the cost of all mine supplies used 
during the year, of fuel charged to operating expenses, and of 
power rented. In addition to the coal used at the mines and 
charged to operating expenses, a quantity—some of it refuse—was 
burned under the boilers; to this coal no value was assigned by the 
operators. The cost of supplies given does not include any esti¬ 
mated value for this coal. 

The cost of supplies reported by anthracite operators includes 
the cost of mining supplies afterwards sold to employees, with de¬ 
duction from wages in payment therefor. There is thus a dupli¬ 
cation in gross expenses, which has been eliminated in the item of 
net expenses shown in the tables. To a slight extent, a similar 
condition exists in the returns of bituminous operators, as explained 
in connection with Table 51. 

In the statistics of mines at which coke was manufactured, the 
value of coal charged into the ovens has not been included in the 
cost of supplies, except in the case of a small quantity purchased 
from other operators, nor has the value of the coal made into coke 
been included in the total value of products. Duplication of 
expenses and of value of products is thus avoided. 

Miscellaneous expenses.—Except as already explained under 
“Administrative expenses of general offices,” the figures for mis¬ 
cellaneous expenses include taxes, cost of contract work, rent of 
offices, use of patents, insurance, ordinary repairs to buildings and 
machinery, advertising, damages, traveling expenses, and all other 
sundry expenses. 

Use of long and short tons.—In all the tables of Part I, Part III, 
and Part IV, the quantities of anthracite and bituminous coal 
and of coke are given in tons of 2,000 pounds; but in all the tables 
of Part II, which deals with Pennsylvania anthracite, the long 
ton of 2,240 pounds is used. 

Value of products.—The schedules called for the value of the 
products at the mines. However, the value reported was not 
always the actual value which would have resulted from sale in 
the open market, since a considerable part of the output of coal 
and coke was produced by operators closely affiliated with various 
industrial enterprises, and the value reported by such operators 
may have been a matter of intercorporate accounting rather than 
an expression of market value. Furthermore, the total value of 
products reported includes the value of that portion of the coal 
used at the mines for steam and heat to which a value was 
assigned by the operators and which was charged to operating 
expenses, but not all operators assign a value to such coal. 

The total value of products for coal mining combined with coke 
manufacture has been obtained by adding together the value of 
coal sold, or used for fuel in other departments of the producing 
concerns, of coal used at the mines for steam and heat and charged 
to operating expenses, and of coke produced, together with the 
value of all by-products. This excludes the value of the coal 
coked at the mines, and avoids duplication of value of products. 

Persons engaged in the industry.—The statistics of the number 
of proprietors and firm members, salaried employees, and wage 
earners are based on the returns for December 15, 1909, or the 
nearest representative day. The number of wage earners reported 
includes bosses performing work similar to that of men over whom 
they had charge, but foremen whose duties were wholly supervisory 
are included among salaried employees. 

Primary horsepower.—The figures given under this heading rep¬ 
resent the total primary power used by the operators. The horse¬ 
power of electric motors run by current generated by the primary 
power of the mine operators is not included, since this would obvi¬ 
ously result in duplication. 





PART I.—THE INDUSTRY AS A WHOLE. 


GENERAL SUMMARY FOR THE UNITED STATES. 


Table 1 summarizes the more important statistics 
of producing coal mines in 1909 for the entire United 
States. It relates only to mines which reported in 
full all the important items requested; a few other 


mines with a small production of coal (about 2,000,000 
tons), which did not furnish full statistics as to value, 
expenses, or some other items, or were operated by 
penal institutions, are not included in this table. 1 2 


SUMMARY FOR PRODUCING MINES: 1909. 

[Statistics of nonproducing mines are given only in Table 62.] 


Table 1 


Number of operators. 

Number of mines.. 

Acres of coal land controlled. 

Owned. 

Held under lease. 

Capital..” ‘ * 

Gross expenses. 

Less charges to miners for explosives, oil, and blacksmithing. 

Net expenses... 

Products: 

Tons (2,000 pounds)— 

Coal, including that made into coke at mines. 

Coal, excluding that made into coke at mines. 

Coke made at mines..|.. 

Value at mines of all products. 

Coal for sale or use as fuel. 

Coke made at mines. 

Other products.:. 

Persons engaged in industry. 

Proprietors and firm members. 

Salaried employees. 

Wage earners (number employed Dec. 15,1969, or nearest representative day). 

Primary horsepower. 

Gross expenses by items: 

Services. 

Salaries. 

Wages. 

Supplies. 

Royalties. 

Miscellaneous. 





BITUMINOUS. 


Total. 

Anthracite. 

Total. 

Mines without 
coke 

manufacture. 

Mines with 
coke 

manufacture. 

3,695 

192 

3,503 

3,322 

181 

6,436 

6,847,545 

423 

6,013 

5,365 

648 

• 274,359 

6,573,186 

4.883,967 

1,689,219 

4,732,556 

183,144 

4,549,412 

3,225,778 

1,323,634 

2,125,964 

102,190 

2,023,774 

1.658,189 

365,585 

$1,309,125,161 

2 $535,231,493 1 

$246,928,078 

$1,062,197,083 

$697,357,137 

$364,839,946 

$139,324,467 

2 $395,907.026 

$301,451,896 

2 $94,455,130 

( 3 ) 

$4,872,913 

( 3 ) 

( 3 ) 

( 3 ) 

$530,358,580 

$134,451,554 

$395,907,026 

$101,451,896 

$94,455,130 

457,833,640 

80,968,130 

376,865,510 

280,652,040 

96,213.470 

407,761,037 
32,450,482 
$577,142,935 

80,968.130 

326,792,907 
32,450,482 
$427,962,464 

280,652,040 

46,140,867 

32,450,482 

$112,067,529 

$149,180,471 

$315,894,935 

<$509,232,811 

$67,483,162 

$149,180,471 

< $360,052,340 
$67,483,162 

$315,659,346 

< $44,392,994 
$67,483,162 

$426,962 


$426,962 

$235,589 

$191,373 

770,681 

178,004 

592,677 

453,473 

139,204 

3,927 

188 

3,739 

3,648 

91 

23,461 

4,312 

19,149 

14,411 

4,738 

743,293 

173,504 

676,753 

569,789 

435,414 

134,375 

1,904,154 

1,227,401 

910,778 

316,623 

$412,898,346 

$96,900,963 

$315,997,383 

$244,595,955 

$71,401,428 

26,384,199 

4,583,304 

21,800,895 

16,501,064 

5,299,831 

386,514,147 

92,317,659 

294,196,488 

2 48,008,647 

228,094,891 

66,101,597 

2 74,706.613 
20,063,227 

26,697,966 

34,392,734 

2 13,615.913 

7,980,739 

12,082,488 

9,715,232 

2,367,256 

27,563,307 

7,744,799 

19,818,508 

12,747,975 

7,070,533 


1 The total acreage of anthracite land is exclusive of a duplication of 10,975 acres in figures for owned and leased acreage. See Introduction. 

2 Includes $433j801 worth of coal purchased for coking at mines. 

3 Expenses reported for bituminous mines are approximately net expenses. As to possible slight duplication in expenses for bituminous mines, see remarks preceding 
Table 51. 

« $41,281,055 worth of bituminous coal was made into coke at mines. 


The total production of coal in 1909, in round 
numbers, as shown in Table 2, was 460,049,000 tons. 
The total tonnage of bituminous coal was 378,975,000 
and the total tonnage of anthracite 81,074,000. The 
mines covered by Table 1 produced 457,834,000 tons, 
of which 407,761,000 tons were produced for sale or 
for use as fuel, and 50,073,000 tons (of bituminous 
coal) were converted into coke at the mines, pro¬ 
ducing 32,450,000 tons of coke. The total value of 
all products of the industry (including only the mines 


covered by Table 1) was $577,143,000; and the total 
net expenses of coal mining and coke manufacture at 
the mines were $530,359,000, of which about four- 
fifths was for wages and salaries. The number of 
wage earners employed at mines with complete 
reports was 743,293. 

The relation between expenses and value of prod¬ 
ucts is more fully discussed in connection with the 
separate analyses of the statistics for anthracite and 
bituminous coal, respectively. 


1 Number of operators and of mines .—The number of producing 
operators given in Table 1, namely, 3,695, is exclusive of 3 anthra¬ 
cite and 93 bituminous operators who furnished incomplete reports 
and of 2 state penal institutions. In addition to these there were 6 
anthracite and 38 bituminous operators of nonproducing mines; 
that is, mines in course of development but which produced no 
coal during 1909. However, of these latter 44 operators, 3 anthracite 
and 8 bituminous operators also reported producing mines, and 
hence were included in the above total of 3,695, so that, excluding 
these 11 duplications and including the remaining 33 concerns 
reporting nonproducing mines, the 96 furnishing incomplete 
reports, and the 2 penal institutions, the total number of operators 
in 1909, both producing and nonproducing, covered by the census 
was 3,826, of which 198 were anthracite and 3,628 bituminous 
operators. In this grand total there is a slight duplication, due to 


the fact that a few companies having both anthracite and bitumi¬ 
nous mines have been counted in the total of each of these classes 
and hence have been duplicated in the above grand total of all 
classes, but the duplication is too slight to be of any material 
significance. 

In Table 1 the number of producing mines given, 6,436, is exclu¬ 
sive of 7 anthracite and 113 bituminous enterprises for which incom¬ 
plete reports were received, and of 2 bituminous mines operated 
by state penal institutions. However, in Tables 2,4,5, and 7, cover¬ 
ing the entire coal production reported in 1909, as pointed out by 
accompanying footnotes and explanations, the output and value 
of coal from these 122 enterprises have been included in the totals 
given for the vaiious states and for the United States. The number 
of anthracite mines given, 423, is made up of 308 mines proper, 52 
washeries, and 63 river dredges. 




























































6 


COAL MIXING. 

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF COAL MINING: 1909. 


Producing fields of the United States.—The map on 

the opposite page shows the general localities from 
which anthracite, bituminous, and subbituminous and 
lignite coals were mined in 1909. Various coal bearing 
areas with no output in that year are not shown on 
this map. 

Anthracite is produced almost exclusively in a 
comparatively small area in eastern Pennsylvania. 
The most important bituminous field is the Appa¬ 
lachian, extending from western Pennsylvania and 
eastern Ohio southwestward as far as Alabama; the 
next most important is that embracing a large part of 
Illinois, southwestern Indiana, and part of western 
Kentucky. The large areas shown in North Dakota 
and the Rocky Mountain states are mainly of lignite 
and subbituminous coal. Although the map indi¬ 
cates a productive area in South Dakota, coal mining 
there in 1909 was confined to a few small local “banks” 
not covered by the census. 

Production, by geographic divisions and leading 
states. 1 —The following table gives the total reported 
production and value of coal in the different geographic 
divisions and in the leading coal producing states. 
It includes coal made into coke at the mines, with a 
value assigned to it either by the operators or by the 
Census Bureau. The table also includes coal produced 
by mines operated by penal institutions, and by mines 
furnishing incomplete reports as to expenses, etc., 
which were not covered by Table 1. The statistics 
for the South Atlantic. East South Central, and West 
South Central divisions are combined, and also those 
for the two western divisions, in order to avoid dis¬ 
closing the operations of individual concerns in certain 
states. 

Statistics for the geographic divisions of the country 
have less significance in the case of mining than in the 
case of agriculture or manufactures. The divisions 
named include, respectively, the following coal pro¬ 
ducing states: The Middle Atlantic—Pennsylvania; 
the East North Central—Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and 
Michigan; the West North Central—Iowa, Missouri, 
North Dakota, and Kansas; the Southern divisions— 
Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Georgia, Kentucky, 

1 Although the returns of production and value of coal in 1909 
were secured by the Bureau of the Census for the United States 
Geological Survey, it will be observed that the figures in the table 
vary slightly from similar statistics of coal mining published by the 
Geological Survey. This is due, first, to the fact that the returns 
tabulated by the Geological Survey include those of numerous 
bituminous mines with an output of less than 1,000 tons for the year, 
while such mines were excluded from the statistics of the Bureau 
of the Census; second, to the fact that in the statistics of the Geologi¬ 
cal Survey the data for output and value of anthiaeite coal in 
Colorado and New Mexico are included with those for bituminous 
coal, while the census figures include this coal with anthracite; and, 

third, to the fact that emus in the reports of a few operators were 
discovered and corrected by the Bureau of the Census after the 

publication of the report of the Geological Survey for 1909. 


Tennessee, Alabama, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas; 
the Western divisions—Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, 
Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Washington, Oregon, and 
California. 

The table shows the marked preeminence of Penn¬ 
sylvania among the coal mining states. In 1909 
Pennsylvania produced nearly half the total coal out¬ 
put of the United States. The anthracite industry 
was practically confined to this state, and its bitumi¬ 
nous tonnage was greater than that of any other three 
states combined. Next in order were West Virginia, 
Illinois, and Ohio. Together these four states mined 
75.9 per cent of the total coal production of the United 
States. 

[Includes coal made into coke at the mines.] 


Table 2 

COAL 

PRODUCED . 1 

VALUE OF COAL 
AT MINES . 1 


Tons 
(in thou¬ 
sands). 

Per 

cent 

of 

total. 

Total 
(in thou¬ 
sands). 

Per 

cent 

of 

total. 

United States . 

460,049 

100.0 

$552,895 
149,251 
403,644 

100.0 

Anthracite. 

81,074 

378,975 

17. 6 

27.0 

Bituminous . 

82.4 

73.0 


Geographic divisions: 

Middle Atlantic. 

218.622 

47 .5 

278,826 

50.4 

Anthracite. 

80,987 
137,635 

17.6 

149,028 

27.0 

Bituminous. 

29.9 

129,798 

23.5 

East North Central. 

95.278 

20.7 

99,249 
29,187 

18.0 

West North Central. 

18.692 

4.1 

5.3 

Southern divisions 2 . 

98,972 

21.5 

99.641 

45.992 

223 

18.0 

Western divisions 3 . 

28,485 

6.2 

8.3 

Anthracite. 

87 

0) 

6.2 

(*) 

8.3 

Bituminous. 

28,398 

45,769 

278,826 
149,028 
129. 798 

Leading states: 

Pennsylvania. 

218,622 

47.5 

50.4 

Anthracite. 

80,987 

17.6 

27.0 

Bituminous. 

137,635 
51.823 
50,896 
27,863 

29.9 

23.5 

West Virginia. 

11.3 

44,668 

8.1 

Illinois. 

11.1 

53,429 

9. 7 

Ohio. 

6.1 

27,628 
14,996 
16,197 

5.0 

Indiana. 

14, 735 

3.2 

2.7 

Alabama. 

13,692 
10,643 

3.0 

2.9 

Colorado (bituminous). 

2.3 

14,104 
9.960 
12.693 

2.6 

Kentucky. 

10,583 

2.3 

1.8 

Iowa. 

7.732 

1.7 

2.3 

Kansas. 

6.970 

1.5 

10,008 

1.8 

W^yoming. 

6,427 

1.4 

9.874 

1.8 

Tennessee. 

6.350 

1.4 

6,869 

1.2 



1 Includes the production of mines for which incomplete reports were received, 
and of mines operated by penal institutions. 

- Includes the South Atlantic, East South Central, and West South Central 
divisions. 

3 Includes the Mountain and Pacific divisions. 

4 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 

Statistics of coal mining by geologic regions.— 

Table 3 (p. 8) summarizes the principal statistics of 
coal mining in the different geologic regions as desig¬ 
nated by the United States Geological Survey. In 
this table the figures have been adjusted to give sta¬ 
tistics of coal mining only, by deducting the capital, 
expenses, wage earners, and value of products attrib¬ 
utable to the manufacture of coke at the mines. In 
large part the estimates of the numbers and amounts 
to be deducted on this account were made by the 
operators themselves; the few remaining estimates 
were made by the Bureau of the Census. The statis¬ 
tics relate to the same mines covered by Table 1, 
namely, those furnishing complete reports. 





















































COAL MINING FIELDS 



(7) 






































8 


COAL MINING. 

STATISTICS OF COAL MINES, BY GEOLOGIC REGIONS: 1909. 

[Data relating to coke manufacture at the mines are excluded, partly by estimate.] 


Table 3 

Number 

Acres of 


Total 


PRODUCTS. 


Number 

Total 

primary 

horse¬ 

power. 

REGION. 

of 

mines. 

coal land 
controlled. 

Capital. 

expenses 

(net). 

Total value. 1 

Tons of coal 
(2,000 lbs.). 

Value of coal 
at mines. 

of wage 
earners. 

United States. 

6,436 

6,847,545 

2 $1,207,217,543 

$512,610,836 

$550, 757,948 

457,833,640 

$550,513,866 

716,415 

1,904,154 

Appalachian. 

3,902 

4,979,766 

938,481,026 

357,466,476 

387,269,562 

330,906,966 

387,106,056 

507,418 

1,447,300 

Anthracite. 

8 420 

273,499 

246,713,318 

134,245,600 

148,957,894 

80,881,106 

148,957,894 

173,263 

676,128 

Bituminous. 

3,482 

4,706,267 

691,767,708 

223,220,876 

238,311,668 

250,025,860 

238,148,162 

334,155 

771,172 

Northern Interior. 

28 

23,135 

6,865,156 

2,985,802 

3,175,102 

1,772,315 

3,175,102 

3,572 

7,912 

Eastern Interior. 

1,094 

873,539 

126,309,799 

71,687,451 

72,773,372 

70,959,640 

72,709,238 

106,412 

239,922 

Western and Southwestern Interior. 

Rocky Mountain, Northern Great Plains, and 

953 

522,636 

33,631,095 

41,288,146 

41,228,426 

25,529,540 

41,222,394 

58,450 

93,764 

Pacific Coast. 

459 

448,469 

90,204,647 

39,182,961 

46,311,486 

28,665,179 

46,301,076 

40,563 

115,256 

Anthracite. 

3 

860 

214,760 

205,954 

222,577 

87,024 

222,577 

241 

625 

Bituminous. 

456 

447,609 

89,989,887 

38,977,007 

46,088,909 

i 

28,578,155 

46,078,499 

40,322 

114,631 


1 Includes value of minor products. 

2 Includes $11,725,820 which can not be distributed among the Eastern Interior, Western and Southwestern Interior, and Rocky Mountain, Northern Great Plains, 
and Pacific Coast regions. 

8 Includes 52 washeries and 63 river dredges. 


The Appalachian region includes Alabama, Georgia, 
Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, 
West Virginia, and eastern Kentucky; the Northern 
Interior region, Michigan; the Eastern Interior region, 
Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky; the Western 
and Southwestern Interior regions, which here also 
include a relatively small output of lignite from the 
Gulf fields of Texas, embrace Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, 
Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas; and the Rocky Moun¬ 
tain, Northern Great Plains, and Pacific Coast regions 
include California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New 
Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and 
Wyoming. 

The Appalachian region reported 72.7 per cent of 
the total coal land held by mine operators, 70.8 per 
cent of the total number of wage earners employed, 
and 72.3 per cent of the total output of coal. Two- 
thirds of the output of bituminous coal and prac¬ 
tically the entire production of anthracite came 
from this field. Although not shown by this table, 


the manufacture of coke at the mines was also 
far more important here than in any other region. 
Of the total output of coke made at the mines, namely, 
32,450,482 tons, valued at 867,483,162, 30,717,145 
tons, valued at $61,697,177, were produced in the 
Appalachian field. Practically all the remainder of 
the coke made at the mines w T as manufactured in the 
Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast fields. 

While the figures given for total expenses and for 
average expenses per ton require some qualification 
(see remarks preceding Table 51), they clearly indicate 
higher average expenses per ton in the northern and 
western producing regions than in the eastern. This 
is due, not to greater difficulties of mining, but to 
the differences in wages and in the cost of mine 
supplies. 

The acreage of coal land given in Table 3 is only the 
acreage held by active mine operators and by no means 
approaches the total area underlaid by workable coal 
deposits in these various regions. 


PROGRESS OF THE COAL MINING INDUSTRY, 


Comparative production by geographic divisions and 
leading states: 1909, 1902, and 1889. —The next 
table gives the total quantity and value of the coal 
produced in the different geographic divisions and 
the leading states for the years 1909, 1902, and 1889. 
For 1909 it includes mines operated by penal insti¬ 
tutions and mines furnishing incomplete reports; it 
covers coal made into coke at the mines, as well as 
that produced for sale or for use as fuel. In 1889 small 
local mines, such as were omitted from the census of 
1909, were canvassed and data with reference to the 
quantity and value of coal produced were secured, and 
are here included, although other statistical data were 
not secured regarding such mines. However, then- 
total production was not great enough to affect the 
comparability of the statistics appreciably. 

The table shows the great development of the coal 
mining industry from 1889 to 1909. The total output 
was 141,230,000 tons in 1889 and 460,049,000 tons in 


1909, an increase of 318,819,000 tons, or 225.7 per cent. 
By far the greater part of this increase was in the bitu¬ 
minous production, which rose from 95,629,000 tons 
to 378,975,000 tons, an increase of 296.3 per cent. In 
Pennsylvania the increase in the bituminous output 
was 101,461,000 tons, in West Virginia 45,591,000 tons, 
in Illinois 38,792,000 tons, and in Ohio 17,886,000 tons, 
or 280 per cent, 732 per cent, 320 per cent, and 179 per 
cent, respectively. 

The decrease of 9.2 per cent in Pennsylvania anthra¬ 
cite production from 1889 to 1902, as well as a part of 
the increase of 95.7 per cent from 1902 to 1909, is ac¬ 
counted for by the prolonged strike in 1902, which 
greatly curtailed the output of the collieries for that 
year. The progress of this industry is much better 
indicated by a comparison of the figures of 1889 and 
1909; between these years the increase in production 
was 35,442,000 tons, or 77.8 per cent, and in value, 
$83,306,000, or 126.8 per cent. 




































THE INDUSTRY AS A WHOLE. 


9 


PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF COAL FOR GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND FOR THE LEADING STATES: 1909, 1902, 

AND 1889. 

[Includes coal made into coke at the mines.] 


Table 4 

TONS OF COAL 

(IN thousands). 

VALUE OF COAL AT MINES 
(IN THOUSANDS). 

INCREASE , 2 TONS. 

INCREASE, VALUE. 

| 

1902-1909 

1889-1902 

1902-1909 

1889-1902 

1 

1909 1 

1902 

1889 

1909 i 

1902 

1889 

Amount 
(in thous- 
sands). 

Per 

cent. 

Amount 
(in thou¬ 
sands). 

Per 

cent. 

Amount 
(in thou¬ 
sands). 

Per 

cent. 

Amount 
(in thou¬ 
sands). 

Per 

cent. 

United States. 

460,049 

301,588 

141,230 

$552,895 

$367,013 

$160,226 

158,461 

52.5 

160,358 

113.5 

$185,882 

50.6 

$206,787 

129.1 

Anthracite. 

81,074 

41,468 

45,601 

149,251 

76,174 

65,880 

39,606 

95.5 

-4,133 

-9.1 

73,077 

95.9 

10,294 

15.6 

Bituminous. 

378,975 

260,120 

95,629 

403,644 

290,839 

94,346 

118,855 

45.7 

164,491 

172.0 

112,805 

38.8 

196,493 

208.3 

Geographic divisions: 















New England. 



2 



6 



(3) 

(3) 



( 3 ) 

( 3 ) 

Anthracite. 



2 



6 

. 


(3) 

(3) 



( 3 ) 

( 3 ) 

Middle Atlantic. 

218,622 

139,948 

81,719 

278, 826 

182,206 

93,675 

78,674 

56.2 

58,229 

71.3 

96,620 

53.0 

88,531 

94.5 

Anthracite. 

80,987 

41,374 

45,545 

i 149,028 

76,174 

65,722 

39,613 

95.7 

-4,171 

-9.2 

72,854 

95.6 

10,452 

15.9 

Bituminous. 

137,635 

98,574 

36,174 

129,798 

106,032 

27,953 

39,061 

39.6 

62.400 

172.5 

23,766 

22.4 

78,079 

279.3 

East North Central. 

95,278 

66, S70 

24,994 

| 99,249 

72,952 

24.113 

28,408 

42.5 

41,876 

167.5 

26.297 

36.0 

48, 839 

202.5 

West North Central. 

18,692 

15,287 

8,904 

29,187 

21,224 

12,249 

3,405 

22.3 

6,383 

71.7 

7,963 

37.5 

8,975 

73.3 

Southern divisions 4 . 

98,972 

60, 634 

19,323 

99,641 

66,264 

19,482 

38,33S 

63.2 

41,311 

213.8 

33,377 

50.4 

46,782 

240. 1 

Western divisions 5 . 

2g; 485 

IS! 849 

6,288 

45;992 

24,367 

10,701 

9,636 

51.1 

12,561 

199.8 

21,625 

88.7 

13,666 

127.7 

Anthracite. 

87 

94 

54 

223 

( 6 ) 

152 

-7 

-7.4 

40 

74.1 

( 7 ) 

( 7 ) 

( 7 ) 

( 7 ) 

Bituminous. 

28,398 

18,755 

6,234 

45,769 

« 24.367 

10,549 

9,643 

51.4 

12,521 

200.9 

( 7 ) 

( 7 ) 

( 7 ) 

( 7 ) 

Leading states: 















Pennsylvania. 

218,622 

139,948 

81,719 

| 278,826 

182,206 

93,675 

78,674 

56.2 

58,229 

71.3 

96,620 

53.0 

88,531 

94.5 

Anthracite. 

80,987 

41,374 

45.545 

1 149,028 

76,174 

65,722 1 

39, 613 

95.7 

-4,171 

-9.2 

72,854 

95.6 

10,452 

15.9 

Bituminous. 

137,635 

98,574 

36,174 

129, 798 

106,032 

27,953 

39,061 

39.6 

62,400 

172.5 

23,766 

22.4 

78,079 

279.3 

West Virginia. 

51,823 

24,571 

6. 232 

44,668 

24,749 

5,087 

27,252 

110.9 

18,339 

294.3 

19,919 

80.5 

19,662 

386.5 

Illinois. 

50,896 

32,939 

12,104 

53,429 

33,946 

11,755 

17,957 

54.5 

20,835 

172.1 

19,483 

57.4 

22,191 

188.8 

Ohio. 

27,863 

23,520 

9,977 

27,628 

26,954 

9,355 

4,343 

18.5 

13.543 

135.7 

674 

2.5 

17.599 

188.1 

Indiana. 

14,735 

9,446 

2,845 

14,996 

10,400 

2.888 

5,289 

56.0 

6,601 

232.0 

4,596 

44.2 

7,512 

260.1 

Alabama. 

13,692 

10,355 

3.573 

16,197 

12,420 

3.961 

3,337 

32.2 

6,782 

189.8 

3,777 

30.4 

8,459 

213.6 

Colorado (bituminous). 

10,643 

7,349 

2,544 

14,104 

8 8,338 

3,844 

3,294 

44.8 

4,805 

188.9 

5,766 

69.2 

4,494 

116.9 

Kentucky. 

10,583 

6,767 

2,400 

9,960 

6.667 

2,374 

3,816 

56.4 

4,367 

182.0 

3,293 

49.4 

4,293 

180.8 

Iowa. 

7.732 

5,905 

4,095 

12,693 

8,660 

5,427 

1,827 

30.9 

1,810 

44.2 

4,033 

46.6 

3,233 

59.6 

Kansas. 

6,970 

5,266 

2,221 

10,008 

6,803 

3,297 

1,704 

32.4 

3.045 

137.1 

3,145 

45.8 

3,566 

108.2 

W yoming. 

6,427 

4.429 

1,389 

9,874 

' 5,236 

1,749 

1.998 

45.1 

3,040 

218.9 

4,638 

88.6 

3,487 

199.4 

Tennessee. 

6,350 

4,383 

1,926 

6,869 

5,400 

2,338 

1,967 

44.9 

2,457 

127.6 

1,469 

1 

27.2 

3,062 

131.0 


1 Includes production of mines for which incomplete reports were received and of 
mines operated by penal institutions. 

2 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 

2 None produced in 1902. 

4 Includes the South Atlantic, East South Central, and West South Central divisions. 


s Includes the Mountain and Pacific divisions. 

6 Value given for bituminous includes value of anthracite. 

7 Not computed. See Note 6. 

8 Estimated value of anthracite has been deducted from figures published 
in 1902. 


Comparative production by geologic regions: 1909 

and 1889. 1 —The following table gives the quantity and 
value of the coal produced in the different geologic 
regions for 1909 and 1889. The table includes the 
coal reported by penal institutions and by mines for 
which incomplete reports were received. 


[Includes coal made into coke at the mines.] 


Table 5 

TONS OF COAL 
(IN THOUSANDS). 

VALUE AT MINES 
(IN THOUSANDS). 

AVERAGE 
VALUE 
PER TON. 

REGION. 

1909 1 

1889 

Per 
cent 
of in¬ 
crease. 

1909 ‘ 

1889 

Per 
cent 
of in¬ 
crease. 

1909 

1889 

United States... 

460,049 

141,230 

225.7 

$552,895 

$160,226 

245.1 

$1.20 

$1.13 

Anthracite .. 

81,074 

45,601 

77.8 

| 149,251 

65,880 

94,346 

126.5 

1.84 

1.44 

Bituminous.. 

378,975 

95,629 

296.3 

403,644 

327.8 

1.07 

0.99 

Appalachian. 

Anthracite. 

332,479 

108.569 

206.2 

388,541 

119,305 

225.7 

1.17 

1.10 

80,987 

45,547 

77.8 

149.028 

65,728 

126.7 

1.84 

1.44 

Bituminous. 

251,492 

63,022 

299.1 

239,513 

53,577 

347.0 

0.95 

0.85 

Northern Interior. 

1,783 

68 

2,522.1 

3,195 

115 

2,678.3 

1.79 

1.69 

Eastern Interior. 

71.297 

16,240 

339.0 

73,150 

15, 796 

363.1 

1.03 

0.97 

Western and South- 





14,268 

190.4 

1.62 

1.42 

western Interior.... 

25,623 

10.036 

155.3 

41,433 

Rocky Mountain, 

Northern Great 
Plains, and Pa- 






333.6 

1.61 

1.70 

cifie Coast. 

28,867 

6,317 

357.0 

46,576 

10,742 

Anthracite. 

87 

54 

61.1 

223 

152 

46.7 

2.56 

2.81 

Bituminous. 

28,780 

6,263 

359.5 

46,353 

10,590 

337.7 

1.61 

1.69 


i Includes production of mines operated by penal institutions and of mines for 
which incomplete reports were received. 


Of the total increase of 318,819,000 tons in output 
between 1889 and 1909, 223,910,000 tons, or seven- 

1 For statement of area included in each region, see discussion 
following Table 3. 

84769°—13-2 


tenths, represents the increase in the Appalachian 
region. In bituminous coal the increase in this region 
was 188,470,000 tons, out of a total increase for the 
United States of 283,346,000 tons. While the greatest 
absolute increase took place in the Appalachian re¬ 
gion, greater percentages of increase are shown for 
every other field except the Western and Southwestern 
Interior regions. In the Northern Interior region al¬ 
most the entire development of the industry has been 
accomplished in the 20 years covered by the table. 
The somewhat slower growth of the industrv in the 
Western and Southwestern Interior fields is accounted 
for bv the fact that these fields serve markets, largely 
rural, in which coal consumption has not increased 
so rapidly as in the markets supplied by the other 
regions. 

It will be noted that the average value per ton has 
increased in every region except the Rocky Mountain, 
Northern Great Plains, and Pacific Coast. For the 
entire country the increase for bituminous coal was 
from SO.99 in 1889 to $1.07 in 1909; in the Appa¬ 
lachian field, the most important, the average value 
of bituminous coal was $0.85 per ton in 1889 and 
$0.95 in 1909, and that of anthracite, $1.44 and $1.84, 
respectively. In general, the increases in average 
values may be ascribed to higher wages and greater 
cost of mine supplies. The decrease in average values 
in the far western fields is discussed in connection 
with Table 36. 














































































































































10 


COAL MINING. 


Comparative statistics for the United States: 1909 
and 1889. —Table 6 gives the chief items from the cen¬ 
sus returns for 1909 and 1889 which are comparable 
or which can be so adjusted as to be comparable. The 
statistics for 1909 have been made to relate solely to 
coal mining by deducting (see explanation accom¬ 
panying Table 3) the capital, total expenses, wages, 
cost of supplies, and value of products attributable 
to coke manufacture, and by adding the tonnage and 
value of coal made into coke at the mines. All the 
data for 1909 are exclusive of those for mines with 
incomplete reports and for penal institutions. 

The tonnage and value of coal shown for 1889 in¬ 
clude the quantity and value of the output of many 
small “banks” or local mines, which are not included 
in the number of mines given or in the statistics of 
acreage, capital, or expenses. However, the total 
output of these mines was very small, so that the 
average expense per ton, although based on the out¬ 
put of all mines and the expenses of only part of them, 
is substantially comparable with that for 1909. 

Salaries of foremen, totaling $3,510,543, have been 
deducted from the wages published in the 1889 sta¬ 
tistics, since in 1909 the payments to inside and out¬ 
side foremen were included in salaries. 

It is also to be observed that the acreage given in the 
table covers all lands controlled by operators, both 
coal bearing and noncoal bearing. In 1889 the hold¬ 
ings of coal land were not reported separately from those 
of other land, and hence to obtain comparable data it 
is necessary to include the holdings of noncoal bearing 
lands in the figures for 1909. However, this does not 
materially affect the value of the figures for compara¬ 
tive purposes, since the control of barren land is often 
necessary for the development of coal deposits, and 
since nearly 85 per cent of the total land shown for 
1909 was reported as coal bearing and much of the 
remainder, although not fully prospected, is known to 
be underlaid with coal measures, which may eventually 
prove workable. 

The figures for total expenses for the two census years 
are not strictly comparable, because the 1889 sched¬ 
ule called for the inclusion in miscellaneous expenses 
of interest on borrowed money, while the schedule 
for 1909 excluded interest payments. However, the 
amount of interest included in the returns for 1889 was 
doubtless so small as not to affect the total expenses 
appreciably. For all coal mines, both anthracite and 
bituminous, the amount expended for miscellaneous 
expenses in 1909—not shown separately in the table— 
was $45,742, 610, of which $20,016,639 was for royal¬ 
ties and $3,893,257 for contract work. The balance 
($21,832,714) covered taxes, rent of offices, use of 
patents, insurance, ordinary repairs of buildings and 
machinery, and all other sundry expenses. In 1889 the 
miscellaneous expenses amounted to $18,576,762, of 
which $3,155,171 was for contract work. The remain¬ 
ing $15,421,591 included not only interest and sundry 


expenses similar to those covered in 1909, but royalties 
as well. The item of interest in 1889 must therefore 
have been small as compared with total expenses. 

In considering the total expenses and the average 
expenses per ton, the remarks in the Introduction 
under “Expenses” as to the significance of the data 
should be borne in mind. 


Comparative Summary for Coal Mines: 1909 and 1889. 

[Statistics relating to coke manufacture at mines excluded, partly by estimate.] 


Table 6 



INCREASE. 


1909 

1889 

Amount. 

Per 

cent. 

All mines 





Number of mines. 

i 6,436 

2 2,564 

3,872 

151.0 

Acres of coal and other land 


controlled. 

3 8,182,749 

1,741,491 

6,452,947 

370.5 

Owned. 

5,952,110 

1,248,373 

4.703,737 

376.8 

Held under lease. 

2,242,328 

493,118 

1,749,210 

354.7 

Capital. 

$1,207,217,543 

$342,757,929 

$864,459,614 

252.2 

Expenses (gross), total. 

$517,483,749 

$146,536,280 

$370,947,469 
$271,270,030 

253.1 

Wages. 

$374,696,545 

$103,426,515 

262.3 

Supplies. 

$72,043,898 

$18,828,590 

$.53,215,308 

282.6 

Coal produced, including coal 
coked at mines: 


Tons (2,000 pounds). 

457,833,640 

141,229,513 

316,604,127 

224.2 

Value at mines 4 . 

$550,513,866 

$160, 226,323 

$390,287,543 

243.6 

Anthracite 





Number of mines. 

1423 

2 346 

77 

22.3 

Acres of coal and other land 





controlled. 

3 465,134 

214,558 

262,265 

122.2 

Owned. 

316,867 

107,362 

209,505 

195.1 

Held under lease. 

159,956 

107.196 

52.760 

49.2 

Capital. 

$246.928,078 

$162,035,610 

$84,892,468 

52.4 

Expenses (gross), total. 

$139,324,467 

$61,212,087 

$78,112,380 

$54,463,386 

127.6 

W ages. 

$92,317,659 

$37, 854,273 

143.9 

Supplies. 

$26.697,966 

$10,834,380 

$15,863,586 

146.4 

Average expenses per ton, 


28.4 

total.. 

$1.72 

$1.34 

$0.38 

Wages. 

$1.14 

$0.83 

$0.31 

37.3 

Supplies. 

$0.33 

$0.24 

$0.09 

37.5 

Coal produced: 





Tons (2,000 pounds). 

80,968,130 

45,600.487 

35,367,643 

77.6 

Value at mines 4 . 

$149,180,471 

$65.879,514 

$83.300,957 

126.4 

Average value per ton. 

$1.84 

$1.44 

$0.40 

27.8 

Bituminous 





Number of mines. 

6,013 

2 2,218 

3,795 

171.1 

Acres of coal and other land 


controlled. 

7,717,615 

1.526,933 

6,190,682 

405.4 

Owned. 

5,635,243 

1,141,011 

4,494.232 

393.9 

Held under lease. 

2,082,372 

385,922 

1,696,450 

439.6 

Capital. 

$960,289,465 

$180,722,319 

$779,567,146 

431.4 

Expenses (gross), total. 

$378,159,282 

$85,324,193 

$292.835.089 

343.2 

Wages. 

$282,378,886 

$65,572,242 

$216. 806, 644 
$37,351,722 

330.6 

Supplies. 

$45,345,932 

$7,994,210 

467.2 

Average expenses per ton, 



total. 

$1.00 

$0.89 

$0.11 

12.4 

Wages. 

$0.75 

$0.69 

$0.06 

8.7 

Supplies. 

$0.12 

$0.08 

$0.04 

50.0 

Coal produced, including coal 
coked at mines: 





Tons (2,000 pounds). 

376,865,510 

95,629,026 

281.236,484 

294.1 

Value at mines. 

$401,333,395 

$94,346,809 

$306,986,586 

325.4 

Average value per ton... 

$1.06 

$0.99 

$0.07 

7.1 


1 Includes 52 washeries and 63 river dredges. 

2 The figures representing the number of minesin 1889 are exclusive of 9,969 small 
mines—49 anthracite and 9,920 bituminous—the quantity and value of whose prod¬ 
ucts are included in the tonnage and value of coal produced (forming about 2 per 
cent of the total), but for which no other statistics are available. 

3 The total acreage of anthracite land (coal and other land combined) is exclusive 
of a duplication of 11,689 acres in figures for owned and leased acreage. See Intro¬ 
duction. 

« No value was assigned to anthracite coal used for fuel at the minesin 1889. 

The capital invested in coal mines and the output 
and value of coal produced were more than three times 
as great in 1909 as in 1889, and the acreage of land 
controlled was more than four times as great. By far 
the greater part of this development took place in 
bituminous mining, which is explained by the fact 
that the anthracite deposits are narrowly limited in 
extent, while the great area covered by the bituminous 
fields has permitted wide extension of the industry. 























































THE INDUSTRY AS A WHOLE. 


11 


The growth of bituminous mining has involved—first, 
an increase in the number of mines operated and in 
the acreage of land brought under development, and 
second, an increase in the output of the individual 
mine, while that of anthracite mining has involved 
chiefly an increase in the output of the individual 
colliery. For bituminous coal in* 1889 the average 
output per mine, exclusive of small local “banks,” 
was, in round numbers, 42,000 short tons, as com¬ 
pared with 63,000 in 1909, an increase of about 50 per 
cent. In the anthracite industry this increase was 
much greater. In 1889 the average output for each 
anthracite mine was about 132,000 short tons, as com¬ 
pared with about 191,000 tons in 1909, if the entire 
number of enterprises (423) given in the above table 
be taken as a basis. However, if the comparison be 
restricted to mines proper, by eliminating the pro¬ 
duction of the 115 washeries and river dredges included 
in the data for 1909, the number of anthracite mines 
shows a decline from 346 in 1889 to 308 in 1909, while 
the average output per mine shows an increase from 
132,000 tons to nearly 250,000 tons, or approximately 
90 per cent. 

In 1889 lands owned comprised 74.7 per cent of the 
total acreage controlled by the operators of bitu¬ 
minous mines, while the corresponding proportion in 
1909 was 73 per cent. On the other hand, in the 
case of anthracite mining the proportion of the land 
owned by operators was decidedly higher in 1909 than 
in. 1889. In 1889 about half the holdings of anthra¬ 
cite land reported were owned by the operators, while 
in 1909 about two-thirds were owned. This change 
may be explained in part by the fact that leased 
tracts have usually been worked out more rapidly 
than owned lands, since on leased holdings royalties 
must be paid whether coal is mined or not. 

In general, from 1889 to 1909 both the average ex¬ 
pense of production and the average value of coal in¬ 
creased. This is especially true of anthracite. In 1889 
the average expense reported per short ton of anthra¬ 
cite was $1.34, as compared with $1.72 in 1909, while the 
average value per short ton was $1.44, as compared with 
$1.84 in 1909 (see remarks under- Table 22). The 
increase in expense thus amounted to $0.38 per ton 
and the difference in value to $0.40 per ton. The 
average amount paid out in wages increased $0.31 per 
ton. The increase in average expense may have been 
due in part to higher rates of wages, but was doubtless 
also due in part to the greater difficulty of mining 
measures deeper and thinner than were generally 
worked in 1889. For bituminous coal the average 
expense per short ton reported in 1889 was $0.89, as 
compared w T ith $1 in 1909. This increased expense is 
attributable mainly to increased rates of wages and 
the higher cost of mine supplies. 

Population and coal production: 1849-1909. —The 
following table compares the growth of population 
with the increase in the output of coal during each 
decade from 1849 to 1909. 


Table 7 

POPULATION . 1 

COAL PRODUCTION. 

TEAK. 

Number. 

Per 
cent of 
increase 
over 
preced¬ 
ing 

census. 

Quantity 
(ton of 2,000 
pounds). 

Per 
cent of 
in¬ 
crease 
over 
preced¬ 
ing 

census. 

Tons 

per 

capita. 

1849. 

23,191,876 


6,445,681 
14,333,922 


0.28 

1859. 

3l", 443,321 

35. 6 

122.4 

0.46 

1809. 

38,558,371 

22.6 

36,807,333 

156.8 

0.95 

1879. 

50,155,783 

30.1 

71,481,570 

94.2 

1.43 

1889. 

62,947,714 

25.5 

141,229,513 

97.6 

2.24 

1899. 

75,994,575 

20.7 

2 253,741,192 

79.7 

3.34 

1909. 

91,972,266 

21.0 

3 460,048,585 

81.3 

5.00 


1 Population is for the year following that covered by the statistics for coal. 

2 From the report of the Geological Survey. 

3 Includes the production of mines operated by penal institutions, of mines for 
which incomplete reports were received, and of coal coked at the mines. 

Tins table shows an enormous increase in the pro¬ 
duction of coal, as compared with the increase in 
population. In 1849 only about one-fourth of a ton 
was produced per capita, as compared with 5 tons 
per capita 60 years later. While the population of 
the country in 1909 was less than four times that in 
1849, the production of coal was more than seventy 
times that in the earlier year. Even in the later 
periods, when the quantity of coal mined had reached 
large proportions, the increase in coal production was 
very rapid. From 1889 to 1899, and again from 1899 
to 1909, coal output increased nearly four times as 
rapidly as population. These comparative figures 
reflect the industrial expansion of the nation. 

Comparative statistics of engines and power: 1909 
and 1902. —The next table shows the total primary 
horsepower, the number and horsepower of steam 
engines, and the number and horsepower of electric 
motors used in anthracite and bituminous producing 
coal mines in 1909 and 1902. The total primary 
horsepower given represents that of steam engines 
owned by the operators, plus that of motors operated 
by purchased electric current, plus an insignificant 
amount of power of other kinds, not shown separately. 
The statistics include the power used in coke manufac¬ 
ture at the bituminous mines, which, however, was 
comparatively unimportant in amount. 

The total primary horsepower used in the anthra¬ 
cite mines increased 62.5 per cent between 1902 and 
1909, while that used in the bituminous mines in¬ 
creased 149 per cent in the same period. Most of the 
primary power used in the coal mines is that of steam 
engines. The bituminous mines reported 25,294 horse- 
powder of primary electric pov T er (motors operated by 
purchased current) in 1909, however, or more than 
11 times as much as in 1902. The anthracite mines 
reported no pow T er of this kind in 1902 and only 1,410 
horsepower in 1909. Of the miscellaneous primary 
power included in the totals for 1909, but not show'll 
separately in the table, gas engines furnished 3,101 
horsepower—2,329 for the bituminous mines and 772 
for the anthracite—and w'ater wheels furnished 348 
horsepow'er, all of which w T as used in the bituminous 
mines. 

































12 


COAL MINING. 

COMPARATIVE STATISTICS OF ENGINES AND POWER: 1909 AND 1902. 


Table 8 

CLASS OF MINES. 

Census. 

Primary 

horsepower, 

total. 

STEAM ENGINES. 

ELECTRIC MOTORS. 

Number. 

Horsepower. 

Total 

horse¬ 

power. 

Run by current 
generated by 
operator. 

Run by purchased 
current. 

N umber. 

Horse¬ 

power. 

Horse¬ 

power. 

Per cent 
of total 
primary 
power. 

Total. 

Per cent of Increase. 

1909 

1902 

1,904,154 

909,160 

109.4 

19,318 

11,142 

73.4 

1,874,001 
904,305 
107.2 

402,090 

73,849 

444.5 

10,869 

1,400 

676.4 

375,386 
71,682 
423.7 

26,704 
2,167 
1,132.3 

1.4 

0.2 

Anthracite (Pennsvlvania). 

Per cent of increase. 



1909 

1902 

676,128 
416,012 
62.5 

1 1,228,026 
493,148 
149.0 

7,567 

4,629 

63.5 

* 11,751 
6,513 
80.4 

673,946 
415,827 
62.1 

1 1,200,055 
488,478 
145.7 

47,498 

5,755 
725.3 

354,592 

68,094 

420.7 

1,152 

78 

1,376.9 

9,717 
1,322 
635.0 

46,088 

5,755 

700.8 

329,298 

65,927 

399.5 

1,410 

0.2 



Bituminous. 

Per cent of increase. 

1909 

1902 

25,294 

2,167 

1,067.2 

2.1 

0.4 




1 Thirteen steam engines of 625 horsepower, reported by anthracite mines outside of Pennsylvania, are included in the figures for bituminous mines. 


Nearly all electric motors used at the mines were 
run by current generated by the mine operators them¬ 
selves. The use of such motors shows a marked in¬ 


crease from 1902 to 1909, their total horsepower in¬ 
creasing in this period from 71,682 to 375,386. Much 
the greater number were reported by bituminous mines. 


CHARACTER OF ORGANIZATION. 


General summary.—The relative importance of the 
different forms of organization is shown in the follow¬ 
ing table, which gives for individuals, firms, corpora¬ 
tions, and other organizations the number of operators, 
the number of mines, the number of wage earners em¬ 


ployed, the tonnage of coal mined (including that for 
conversion into coke), and the total value of coal, 
coke, and other products reported. The statistics do 
not cover the few mines with incomplete reports or 
those operated by penal institutions. 


PRINCIPAL STATISTICS FOR OPERATORS OF COAL MINES CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO CHARACTER OF 

ORGANIZATION: 1909. 


Table 9 

CHARACTER 

OF ORGANIZATION. 



TOTAL. 



ANTHRACITE. 

BITUMINOUS. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
oper¬ 
ators. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
mines. 

Number 
of wage 
earners. 

Tons of 
coal, in¬ 
cluding 
coal coked 
at mines 
(in thou¬ 
sands). 

Value of 
products 
(in thou¬ 
sands). 

Num¬ 
ber of 
oper¬ 
ators. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
mines. 

Number 
of wage 
earners. 

Tons of 
coal 

(in thou¬ 
sands). 

Value of 
products 
(in thou¬ 
sands). 

Num¬ 
ber of 
oper¬ 
ators. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
mines. 

Number 
of wage 
earners. 

Tons of 
coal, in¬ 
cluding 
coal coked 
at mines 
(in thou¬ 
sands). 

Value of 
products 
(in thou¬ 
sands). 

AH classes. 

3.695 

6,436 

743.293 

457,834 

$577,143 

192 

423 

173,504 

80,968 

$149,180 

3,503 

6,013 

569,789 

376,866 

$427,962 

Individual. 

1,058 

1,195 

17,475 

8,812 

10,490 

37 

38 

308 

216 

283 

1,021 

1,157 

17,167 

8,596 

10,207 

Firm. 

664 

805 

24,699 

12,999 

17,111 

44 

54 

6,872 

3,662 

5,754 

620 

751 

17,827 

9,337 

11,357 

Corporation. 

1,942 

4,393 

695,985 

432,940 

544,886 

105 

325 

164,499 

76,327 

141,554 

1,837 

4,068 

531,486 

356,613 

403,331 

Other. 

31 

43 

5,134 

3,083 

4,656 

6 

‘6 

1,825 

763 

1,589 

25 

2 37 

3,309 

2,320 

3,067 

Per cent of total. 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Individual. 

28.6 

18.6 

2.4 

1.9 

1.8 

19.3 

9.0 

0.2 

0.3 

0.2 

29.1 

19.2 

3.0 

2.3 

2.4 

Firm. 

18.0 

12.5 

3.3 

2.8 

3.0 

22.9 

12.8 

4.0 

4.5 

3.9 

17.7 

12.5 

3.1 

2.5 

2.7 

Corporation. 

52.6 

68.3 

93.6 

94.6 

94.4 

54.7 

76.8 

94.8 

94.3 

94.9 

52.4 

67.7 

93.3 

94.6 

94.2 

Other. 

0.8 

0.7 

0.7 

0.7 

0.8 

3.1 

1.4 

1.1 

0.9 

1.1 

0.7 

0.6 

0.6 

0.6 

0.7 

Average per operator.... 



201 

124 

156 



904 

422 

777 



163 

108 

122 

Individual 7. 



17 

8 

10 



8 

6 

8 



17 

8 

10 

Firm. 



37 

20 

26 



156 

83 

131 



29 

15 

18 

Corporation. 



358 

223 

281 



1,567 

727 

1.348 



289 

194 

220 

Other. 



166 

99 

150 



304 

127 

265 



132 

93 

123 

















1 Comprises 2 mines operated by estates and 4 operated by limited partnerships, combined in order to avoid disclosing individual operations. 

2 Includes 21 mines operated by cooperative companies. 


The table shows the predominance of the corporate 
form of organization among the producers of coal. 
The 1,942 corporations comprised 52.6 per cent of the 
total number of concerns reporting, operated 68.3 per 
cent of the total number of mines, employed 93.6 per 
cent of the wage earners in the industry, and produced 
94.6 per cent of the entire quantity of coal mined. 
While there were also 1,058 individual operators, 664 


firms, and 31 others reporting, nearly all of these were 
relatively small concerns. For corporations the aver¬ 
age production per operator was about 223,000 tons, 
for firms 20,000 tons, and for individuals 8,000 tons. 

Detailed statement for incorporated and unincorpo¬ 
rated operators.—The following table gives somewhat 
more detailed statistics for incorporated and unin¬ 
corporated operators in 1909. 





















































































































THE INDUSTRY AS A WHOLE. 

STATISTICS FOR OPERATORS CLASSIFIED AS INCORPORATED OR UNINCORPORATED: 1909. 


13 


Table lO 


Number of mines. 

Number of operators. 

Capital. 

Net expenses. 

Salaries. 

Wages. 

Persons engaged in industry... 

Proprietors and firm members. 

Performing manual labor. 

Salaried officers of corporations. 

Superintendents and managers. 

Clerks and other salaried employees. 

Wage earners. 

Products: 

Quantities (tons of 2,000 pounds)— 

Coal, total production. 

Coal (exclusive of coal made into coke). 

Coke made at mines. 

Value at mines. 

Coal (exclusive of coal made into coke).... 

Coke made at mines.1. 

Other products. 

Average per ton: 

Net expenses. 

Salaries. 

Wages. 


BITUMINOUS. 


Mines without coke 
manufacture. 


Incorporated 

operators. 


Unincorporated 
operators. 


3,468 
1,676 
*681,353,862 
*284,333,946 
$15,883,421 
*214,680,729 
416,061 


1,994 
3,760 
7,895 
402,412 


264,121,957 
264,121,957 


*296,081,343 

*295,875,314 


*206,029 

*1.08 
0.06 
0.81 


1,897 
1,646 
*16,003,275 
*17,117,950 
*617,643 
*13,414,162 
37,412 
3,648 
1,709 
2 11 
428 
323 
33,002 


16,530,083 
16,530,083 


*19,813,592 
*19,784,032 


*29,560 

*1.04 

0.04 

0.81 


Mines with coke manufacture. 


Incorporated 

operators. 


600 

161 

*.345,521,191 
*90,837,416 
*5,059,504 
*63,425,551 
133,618 


306 
1,293 
2,945 
129,074 


92,490,571 
45,957,497 
30,038,884 
*107,249,662 
*44,219,327 
*62,838,962 
*191,373 

*0.98 
0.05 
0.69 


Unincorporated 

operators. 


48 

20 

*19,318,755 
*3,617,714 
*240,327 
*2,676,046 
5,586 
91 
4 

2 4 

85 

105 

5,301 


3,722,899 
183,370 
2,411,598 
*4,817,867 
*173,667 
*4,644,200 


*0.97 
0.06 
0.72 


ANTHRACITE. 


Incorporated 

operators. 


325 

105 

*241,638,086 
i * *127,586,768 
*4,363,423 
*87,736,209 
168,609 


171 
887 
3,052 
164, 499 


76,326,564 
76,326,564 


*141,554,636 
*141,554,636 


*1.67 

0.06 

1.15 


Unincorpo¬ 

rated 

operators. 


98 

87 

*5,289,992 
i *6,864,786 
*219,; 881 
*4,581,450 
9,395 
188 
72 


69 

133 

9,005 


4,641,566 
4,641,566 


*7,625,835 

*7,625,835 


*1.48 

0.05 

0.99 


i Gross expenses were reported as follows: Incorporated operators, *132,210,139; unincorporated operators, *7,114,328. 

* Salaried officials of cooperative associations, limited partnerships, etc. 


In considering the average expenses per ton shown 
in the table the remarks hi the Introduction as to 
the limitations of the data should be borne in 
mind. Moreover, the average expenses per ton for 
incorporated and unincorporated producers are not 
strictly comparable, owing to the fact that such 
supervisory services as are performed for corpora¬ 
tions by salaried officers or managers are in part per¬ 
formed for unincorporated producers by proprietors 
and firm members, many of whom receive no salaries 
for these services, but look to the profits of the enter¬ 
prise for then' compensation. Indeed, a considerable 
number of such proprietors and firm members were 
returned as performing manual labor at their mines, 
although the expenses reported included no wage 
payments for this labor. While the salary payments 
averaged $0.06 per ton for anthracite produced by cor¬ 
porations and $0.05 per ton for the output of other 
concerns, the latter figure would be materially higher 
if an allowance were made for the supervisory services 
of proprietors and firm members of unincorporated 
enterprises, especially in view of the fact that the latter 

INDUSTRIAL AFFI] 

* 

Numerous manufacturing, transportation, and other 
industrial enterprises which consume large quantities 
of coal either operate their own mines or, through the 
ownership of securities, are affiliated with coal mining 
companies. The conditions of marketing, and hence 
of producing, coal may be affected by this relation¬ 
ship. In the first place, the values assigned to coal 
by producers thus affiliated may bear little relation 
to market prices. In the second place, the coal 
mining subsidiaries of industrial concerns are assured 


were, as a rule, conducted on a much smaller scale 
than those under corporate ownership, so that the ser¬ 
vices of the proprietors would have to be apportioned 
to a smaller output. 

The average wage payment per ton for anthracite 
produced by corporations was $1.15, as compared with 
$0.99 for the output of other concerns, but the latter 
figure includes no valuation for the services of the 72 
proprietors who performed manual labor; moreover, 
the production of the unincorporated concerns con¬ 
tained a higher proportion of output from culm banks, 
which was recovered at a comparatively low w T age 
cost, and in turn was of lower value. (See Table 28.) 
A comparison between bituminous mines under cor¬ 
porate and other forms of ownership can properly be 
attempted only for those without coke manufacture. 
For such mines the wage payment averaged $0.81 per 
ton for each class of ownership, but the fact that 
the unincorporated concerns reported 1,709 proprie¬ 
tors performing manual labor, for which no wages 
were included in the expenses returned, must be con¬ 
sidered in this connection. 

ATIONS OF OPERATORS. 

of a demand for a more or less definite tonnage, are 
free from the uncertainty of disposing profitably of 
their output in competitive markets, and accordingly 
may operate their mines on a larger scale and with 
greater regularity. On the other hand, coal producers 
not thus connected are assured of no market for their 
output beyond the terms of the contracts they may 
have, are often subjected to rigorous competition in 
the open market, and in consequence their mines must 
often be operated on a smaller scale and with less 
























































14 


COAL MINING. 


regularity. In order to obtain statistics bearing on 
this relationship, all operators have been classified 
according to their industrial affiliation—so far as 
definitely known—as connected with iron and steel 
concerns, with other industrial concerns, or with rail¬ 
roads, respectively, or as unaffiliated. No mining 
enterprise was assigned to any of the first three groups 
except on official information. Railroads interested 
in coal mining companies through the ownership of 
securities report such ownership to the Interstate 
Commerce Commission, and these reports w r ere used 
to determine w T hat operators were affiliated with 
railroads. Any coal mining companies controlled by 
railroads in ways not reported to the Interstate Com¬ 
merce Commission have, therefore, been included 
with unaffiliated operators in this classification. The 
control of coal mines by iron and steel and other 
industrial concerns was determined from the census 
reports of such companies for their coal mining opera¬ 
tions and by correspondence with them. It is prob¬ 
able that some mines classified as unaffiliated for lack 
of definite information w r ere, as a matter of fact, con¬ 
trolled directly or indirectly by industrial concerns. 
The following table gives the production of coal in 
1909 by operators classified as above outlined; it does 

SCALE OF 

The scale of production in coal mining may be con¬ 
sidered in two aspects: First, that of the individual 
mine; and, second, that of the operator. The fact 
that many operators rendered combined reports for all 
their mines—though, of course, stating the number of 
mines covered—instead of a separate report for each, 
made impossible any complete classification of mines 
according to output, so that only general information 
is available as to average size of the individual mine, 
based on the entire number of mines reported and the 
entire output. 

Size of mines. —While the size of both anthracite 
and bituminous mines varies widely, yet, broadly 
speaking, the scale of operations is much larger in the 
former than in the latter. WTiile .many bituminous 
mines in 1909 produced more than 250,000 tons each, 
and some exceeded 500,000 tons, the average for all 
bituminous mines covered by the census was only 
about 63,000 (short) tons, and for all “commercial” 
mines—that is, mines selling in general markets— 
only about 76,000 tons. If the very small local mines 
were included, which wnre not canvassed because 
their aggregate production is negligible, the average 
would be much lower. On the other hand, the average 
output of anthracite mines in 1909 (not counting wash- 
eries and river dredges) w r as nearly 250,000 (short) 


not cover the few mines with incomplete reports, nor 
those operated by penal institutions. 

Coal Production op Operators Classified According to 
their Industrial Affiliations: 1909. 


Table 11 

AFFILIATION OF OPERATORS. 

TONS OF COAL 

PRODUCED (2,000 POUNDS). 

Total. 

Anthracite. 

Bituminous. 

Total. 

457,833,640 

80,968,130 

376,865,510 

Affiliated with— 

Iron and steel companies. 

Other industrial companies. 

Railroad companies. 

46,587,216 
45,376,419 
121,985,188 

61,170.097 

46,587.216 
45,376,419 
60,815.091 

Unaffiliated. 

243,884,817 

19, 798.033 

224,086,784 


The table shows that of the entire output of coal in 
1909 nearly one-half was mined by operators known, to 
be closely affiliated with railroads or industrial con¬ 
cerns. Producers connected with railroads mined 
more than one-fourth of the total coal production, and 
more than three-fourths of the total in the case of 
anthracite. The coal mining subsidiaries of iron and 
steel companies produced about one-tenth of the total 
tonnage, and those of other industrial concerns nearly 
as much. These figures show that the large consumers 
of coal have quite commonly taken measures to secure 
their own supplies of fuel. (See also Tables 23, 45, 
and 47.) 

PRODUCTION. 

tons. Bv far the greater part of the anthracite mined 
is produced by comparatively large collieries. The 
limited area of the anthracite deposits and the depth 
of the measures encourage the concentration of pro¬ 
duction in large collieries, while the wide extent of the 
bituminous fields, the cheapness of great areas of coal 
land, and the general accessibility of the deposits favor 
the opening of many small mines. As shown by 
Table 6, the average size of mines, both bituminous 
and anthracite, has increased materially since 1889. 

Classification of operators according to value of 
products. —Three classifications of operators have been 
made to show' the size of the producing organizations 
in coal mining. The first classifies operators accord¬ 
ing to value of products, the second according to the 
number of w'age earners employed, and the third ac¬ 
cording to the acreage of land controlled. 

The next table gives for 1909 the number of oper¬ 
ators classified according to the value of product 
per operator (based on all products, including coke 
made at the mines), together with the total value of 
products for each class. Penal institutions and mines 
with incomplete reports are excluded. 

This classification shows a marked degree of control 
by large producing organizations. Of the total value 
of products for all operators, namely, 8577,143,000, 






















THE INDUSTRY AS A WHOLE. 


15 


the 85 concerns each having products valued at 
$1,000,000 or over together reported $348,496,000, oi 
about 60 per cent. At the other extreme, the 2,979 
operators each having products valued at less than 
$100,000 together reported but $56,485,000, or less 
than 10 per cent of the total. In the anthracite indus¬ 
try 9 producing concerns, each having a value of prod¬ 
uct exceeding $5,000,000, together reported nearly 
three-fourths of the total value of anthracite. Among 
the bituminous mining organizations, the 10 each 
reporting products valued at $5,000,000 or over to¬ 
gether reported one-fourth of the total value of prod¬ 
ucts, while the 68 operators each having products 
valued at $1,000,000 or over together contributed more 
than half the total. In this industry production is 
relatively much less closely concentrated in the hands 
of great companies than in anthracite mining. 


Table 12 

VALUE OF ALL PRODUCTS 
(INCLUDING COKE) 

PER OPERATOR. 

TOTAL. 

ANTHRACITE. 

BITUMINOUS. 

Num¬ 

ber 

of 

oper¬ 

ators. 

Value of all 
products. 

Num¬ 

ber 

of 

oper¬ 

ators. 

Value of 
products. 

Num¬ 

ber 

of 

oper¬ 

ators. 

Value of all 
pro ucts 
(including 
coke). 

Total . 

3,695 

$577,142,935 

192 

$149,180,471 

3,503 

$427,962,464 

Less than $10,000 1 . 

1,666 

6,407,712 

69 

172,699 

1,597 

6,235,013 

$10,000 to $100,000 2 . 

1,313 

50,077,098 

52 

2,364,432 

1,261 

47,712,666 

$100,000 to $500,000. 

561 

125,783,899 

39 

10,871,318 

522 

114,912,581 

$500,000 to $1,000,000. 

70 

46,377,776 

15 

10,149,104 

55 

36,228,672 

$1,000,000 to $5,000,000 ... 

66 

132,499,197 

8 

17,651,088 

58 

114,848,109 

$5,000,000 and over. 

19 

215,997,253 

9 

107,971,830 

10 

108,025,423 

Per cent of total.... 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Less than $10,000 . 

45.1 

1. 1 

35.9 

0.1 

45.6 

1.5 

$10,000 to $100,000. 

35.5 

8.7 

27.1 

1.6 

36.0 

11.1 

$100,000 to $500,000. 

15.2 

21.8 

20.3 

7.3 

14.9 

26.9 

$.500,000 to $1,000,000. 

1.9 

8.0 

7.8 

6.8 

1.6 

8.5 

$1,000,000 to $5,000,000 ... 

1.8 

23.0 

4.2 

11.8 

1.6 

26.8 

$5,000,000 and over. 

0.5 

37.4 

4.7 

72.4 

0.3 

25.2 


1 Includes 1 anthracite operator with a product valued at more than $10,000, 
in order to avoid disclosing individual operations. 

2 Includes 1 anthracite operator with a product valued at more than $100,000. 


Classification of operators according to the number 
of wage earners employed.—The following table gives 
the number of operators in 1909, classified according to 
the number of wage earners employed per operator 
(including those employed in coke manufacture at the 
mines), together with the number of wage earners 
employed by each group. Penal institutions, oper¬ 
ators failing to make complete reports, and operators 
employing no wage earners directly, are excluded. 

The classification indicates the importance of the 
larger coal mining companies as employers of labor. , 
The 22 concerns, each of which employed more than 
5,000 wage earners, together reported over 269,000 
employees, or an average of more than 12,000 each, 
and the employees of these 22 companies constituted 
more than one-third of all the wage earners reported. 
Of these 22 operators, 10 were anthracite producers, 
and their total of 134,000 wage earners constituted 
more than three-fourths of all the men employed in the 
anthracite industry. Among the bituminous operators, 
77 with more than 1,000 wage earners each, together 
reported 274,596 wage earners, or nearly half the total 
for the industry. 


Table 13 

NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS (ALL 
CLASSES) EMPLOYED PER OPERATOR. 

NUMBER. 

PER CENT OF TOTAL. 

Opera¬ 

tors. 

Wage 
earners 
(includ¬ 
ing those 
making 
coke at 
mines). 

Opera¬ 

tors. 

Wage 
earners 
(includ¬ 
ing those 
making 
coke at 
mines). 

Total, all classes . 

i 3. 638 

743.293 

100.0 

100.0 

20 or less. 

1,606 

12,764 

44.1 

1.7 

21 to 50. 

594 

19,600 

16.3 

2.6 

51 to 100. 

485 

35,279 

13.3 

4.7 

101 to 500. 

2 737 

168,605 

20.3 

22.7 

501 to 1,000. 

121 

85.374 

3.3 

11.5 

1,001 to 5,000. 

73 

152,149 

2.0 

20.5 

Over 5,000. 

22 

269.522 

0.6 

36.3 

Anthracite, all classes . 

i 185 

173,504 

100.0 

100.0 

20 or less . 

67 

419 

36.2 

0.2 

21 to 50. 

19 

612 

10.3 

0.4 

51 to 100. 

19 

1,459 

10.3 

0.8 

101 to 500. 

2 44 

2 12,082 

23.8 

7.0 

501 to 1,000. 

18 

11.857 

9.7 

6.8 

1,001 to 5,000. 

8 

13,061 

4.3 

7.5 

Over 5,000. 

10 

134,014 

5.4 

77.2 

Bituminous, all classes. 

‘3,453 

569,789 

100.0 

100.0 

20 or less. 

1,539 

12,345 

44.6 

2.2 

21 to 50. 

575 

18,988 

16.7 

3.3 

51 to 100. 

466 

33,820 

13.5 

5.9 

101 to 500. 

693 

156,523 

20.1 

27.5 

501 to 1,000. 

103 

73,517 

3.0 

12.9 

1,001 to 5, 000. 

65 

139,088 

1.9 

24.4 

Over 5,000. 

12 

135,508 

0.3 

23.8 


1 Six anthracite and 50 bituminous operators reported no labor hired directly, 
and one anthracite operator failed to report the number of wage earners. 

2 Includes two operators employing less than 100 wage earners, in order to 
avoid disclosure of individual operations. 

Classification of operators according to the number 
of acres of land controlled.—The table below gives the 
number of operators in 1909 holding specified areas of 
land, together with the total holdings of each group. 
River dredge operators, washery operators reporting 
only culm banks held, and mine operators failing to 
report acreage, are excluded. Not only coal land, but 
timber tracts and other holdings are included. How¬ 
ever, the bituminous operators held relatively little 
noncoal bearing land, and the Pennsylvania anthracite 
operators, who reported a considerable proportion of 
barren acreage, are classified in Table 26 according to 
their holdings of coal land. 


Table 14 

ACRES OF LAND (COAL AND OTHER) 
PER OPERATOR. 


Total, all classes 

Less than 100 acres. 

100 to 1,000 acres. 

1,000 to 10,000 acres 
10,000 to 100,000 acres 3 . 
100,000 acres and over.. 


Anthracite, all classes. 

Less than 100 acres. 

100 to 1,000 acres. 

1,000 to 10,000 acres. 

10,000 to 100,000 acres 3 . 

Bituminous, all classes 

Less than 100 acres. 

100 to 1,000 acres. 

1,000 to 10,000 acres. 

10,000 to 100,000 acres. 

100,000 acres and over. 


NUMBER. 

PER CENT OF TOTAL. 

Oper- 

Acres of coal 
and other 

Oper- 

Acres of 
coal and 

ators. 

land con¬ 
trolled. 

ators. 

land con¬ 
trolled. 

i 3,593 

2 8.213,767 

100.0 

100.0 

1,275 

49,939 

35.5 

0.6 

1,485 

564,151 

41.3 

6.9 

703 

1,956,755 

19.6 

23.8 

119 

2,956,532 

3.3 

36.0 

11 

2,686,390 

0.3 

32.7 

‘ 137 

2 476,759 

100.0 

100.0 

47 

1,693 

34.3 

0.4 

55 

19,801 

40.1 

4.2 

27 

61,803 

19.7 

13.0 

8 

393,462 

5.8 

82.5 

1 3,456 

2 7,737,008 

100.0 

100.0 

1,228 

48,246 

35.5 

0.6 

1,430 

544,350 

41.4 

7.0 

676 

1,894,952 

19.6 

24.5 

111 

2,563,070 

3.2 

33.1 

11 

2,686,390 

0.3 

34.7 


1 Fifty-five operators of anthracite washeries and river dredges are excluded 
together with 47 bituminous operators who failed to report acreage controlled. 

2 Sixty-four acres of farm lands reported by operators of river dredges are ex¬ 
cluded and a duplication of 31,082 acres is included, of which 11,689 acres are in 
the anthracite total and 19,393 acres in the bituminous. See Introduction. 

3 Includes 1 operator reporting more than 100,000 acres,in order to avoid the dis¬ 
closure of individual operations. 















































































































16 


COAL MINING. 


The table shows that 11 concerns, each of which 
reported 100,000 acres and over, together held nearly 
2,700,000 acres, or almost one-third of the total acre¬ 
age reported by all operators in the United States; 
and that 130 operators, each reporting 10,000 acres 
and over, together held over 5,600,000 acres, or more 
than two-thirds of the total acreage reported. At 
the other extreme, 1,275 operators, each reporting less 
than 100 acres, while comprising more than one-third 
of the total number of operators, together held less 
than 50,000 acres, an insignificant fraction of the 
total. 

DISTRIBUTION 

The distribution of the total reported expenses for 
1909 among the several items is shown by the following 
table of percentages. The absolute numbers are 
given in Table 1. As to the significance of total 
reported expenses see the remarks in the Introduction 
under “Expenses:” 


Table 15 

PER CENT OF TOTAL REPORTED EXPENSES. 




Bituminous. 1 

CLASS OF EXPENSES. 

All 

mines. 1 

An¬ 

thra¬ 

cite. 

Total. 

Mines 

with¬ 

out 

coke 

manu¬ 

facture. 

Mines 

with 

coke 

manu¬ 

facture. 

Total (gross expenses). 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Salaries. 

4.9 

3.3 

5.5 

5.5 

5.6 

W ages. 

72.3 

66.3 

74.4 

75.7 

70.3 

Supplies. 

13.9 

19.2 

12.0 

11.4 

14.0 

Royalties. 

3.8 

5.7 

3.1 

3.2 

2.5 

Miscellaneous. 

5.2 

5.5 

5.0 

4.2 

7.5 


i The cost of coal purchased for coking at the mines has not been considered 
in calculating these percentages. 


From these figures it is apparent that wages con¬ 
stitute by far the greater part of the expense of mining 

PERSONS ENGAGED 

Occupational status : 1909. —The following table 
(which excludes penal institutions and the few mines 
with incomplete reports) shows the occupational status 
of the persons engaged in coal mining, including those 
employed in coke manufacture at the mines. The 
statistics for wage earners relate to December 15, 1909, 
or the nearest representative day. The relation be¬ 
tween this number and the average number employed 


The control of anthracite land is far more concen¬ 
trated than that of bituminous. The significance of 
the difference in degree of concentration of tenure is 
not fully indicated by a comparison of the percentages 
in the table, since the total area of all anthracite 
deposits is small and no extensive new fields are 
known which may be exploited by new operating 
companies, while, on the contrary, there are great 
areas of bituminous coal, entirely undeveloped and 
not controlled by any present operators, upon which 
thousands of new mines may be opened in the future 
by new mining companies. 

OF EXPENSES. 

coal. This item covered 66.3 per cent of the total 
(gross) expenses reported for the anthracite industry 
in 1909 and 74.4 per cent of the total for the bitu¬ 
minous. 

The next largest item is cost of supplies, including 
fuel and rent of power. The cost of colliery supplies 
constitutes a much higher percentage of expenses for 
anthracite operators than for bituminous. This 
would remain true even after deducting the cost of 
explosives and oil sold to miners, which is included 
in the total cost of supplies reported by anthracite op¬ 
erators. This higher percentage is explained by the 
fact that the methods of mining and preparing coal 
are more costly for anthracite than for bituminous. 
The higher percentage for supplies at mines with 
coke manufacture than for mines without coke pro¬ 
duction is due to the fact that the cost of supplies 
reported by the former group of mines includes the 
cost of coke yard and oven supplies. 

The greater proportionate payment for royalties 
in anthracite as compared with bituminous mining 
is of course due, primarily, to the higher rate of royalty 
prevailing in the anthracite fields. 

IN THE INDUSTRY. 

for the year is discussed in connection with Table 18. 
As shown by the table, in 1909 wage earners con¬ 
stituted 96.4 per cent of the total number of persons 
engaged in the industry. In view of the large scale 
of production prevailing, the methods of mine opera¬ 
tion, and the simplicity of the marketing branch of 
the business, the small proportion of persons other 
than wage earners is only to be expected. The num- 
































THE INDUSTRY AS A WHOLE. 


17 


ber of proprietors and firm members reported as per¬ 
forming manual labor, 1,785, represents mainly those 
interested in little local bituminous mines employing 
few or no wage earners. 


Table 16 


OCCUPATIONAL CLASS. 


All classes. 

Proprietors and firm members. 

Officers of corporations. 

Superintendents and managers. 

Clerks and other salaried em¬ 
ployees . 

Wage earners, number Dec. 15,1909, 
or nearest representative day.... 

Proprietors and firm members per¬ 
forming manual labor (included 
above). 


NUMBER . 






Bitu¬ 

mi¬ 

nous 

run uUiWT 

DISTRIBUTION . 

Total. 

Anthra¬ 

cite. 

( in ¬ 
clud¬ 
ing 
coke 
manu¬ 
fac¬ 
ture at 
mines). 

Total. 

An¬ 

thra¬ 

cite. 

Bitu¬ 

mi¬ 

nous. 

770,681 

178,004 

592,677 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

3,927 

188 

3,739 

0.5 

0.1 

0.6 

2,486 

171 

2,315 

0.3 

0.1 

0.4 

6,522 

956 

5,566 

0.8 

0.5 

0.9 

14,453 

3,185 

11,268 

1.9 

1.8 

1.9 

743,293 

173,504 

569,789 

96.4 

97.5 

96.1 

1,785 

72 

1,713 





Classification of wage earners according to occupa¬ 
tion.—The following table gives the number and per¬ 
centage of wage earners employed in various occu¬ 
pations outside and inside, December 15, 1909, or 


the nearest representative day. For mines with coke 
manufacture the data include wage earners engaged 
in coke making. Penal institutions and mines with 
incomplete reports are not considered in this table. 

The table gives a total of 743,000 w T age earners 
employed in coal mining and coke manufacture at 
the mines in 1909. Of this total, 173,000 were em¬ 
ployed in the anthracite and 570,000 in the bitu¬ 
minous industry. About 600,000 wage earners, or 
four-fifths of the total, were employed below r ground 
and about 143,000 or one-fifth, above ground. Of 
those below r ground, 475,000 were in bituminous mines 
and 125,000 in anthracite; while, of those outside the 
mines, 94,000 were bituminous employees and 49,000 
were anthracite. However, this total of outside bitu¬ 
minous wage earners includes 27,000 coke employees; 
if these are deducted, it appears that 12.4 per cent of 
the bituminous mine workers were employed above 
ground and 87.6 per cent below ground, while the 
corresponding percentages for anthracite workers w T ere 
28.1 and 71.9, respectively. The higher proportion of 
outside employees in the anthracite as compared with 
the bituminous industry is chiefly due to the relatively 
greater amount of labor expended in crushing, cleaning, 
and preparing anthracite for market. 


Table 17 







BITUMINOUS. 



CLASS OF WAGE EARNERS. 

TOTAL. 

ANTHRACITE. 

Total. 

Mines without coke 
manufacture. 

Mines with coke 
manufacture. 


Number. 

Per cent 
of total. 

Number. 

Per cent 
of total. 

Number. 

Per cent 
of total. 

Number. 

Per cent 
of total. 

Number. 

Per cent 
of total. 

All classes. 

743,293 

100.0 

173,504 

100.0 

569,789 

100.0 

435,414 

100.0 

134,375 

100.0 

Outside. 

142,843 

19.2 

48,753 

28.1 

94,090 

16.5 

51,260 

11.8 

42,830 

31.9 

Inside. 

600,450 

80.8 

124,751 

71.9 

475 , 699 

83.5 

384,154 

88.2 

91,545 

68.1 

Engineers, firemen, and mechanics. 

Outside. 

42,098 

5.7 

12,272 

7.1 

29,826 

5.2 

22,154 

5.1 

7,672 

5.7 

34,141 

4.6 

9,752 

5.6 

24,389 

4.3 

18,051 

4.1 

6,338 

4.7 

Inside. 

7,957 

1.1 

2,520 

1.5 

5,437 

0.9 

4,103 

0.9 

1,334 

1.0 

Miners and miners’ helpers (all inside). 

467,179 

62.9 

83,156 

47.9 

384,023 

67.4 

314,226 

72.2 

69,797 

51.9 

Other wage earners 16 years of age and over. 

Outside. 

227,048 

30.5 

74,829 

43.1 

152,219 

26.7 

96,576 

22.2 

55,643 

41.4 

104,651 

14.1 

35,767 

20.6 

68,884 

12.1 

32,804 

7.5 

36,080 

26.9 

Inside. 

122,397 

16.5 

39,062 

22.5 

83,335 

14.6 

63,772 

14.6 

19,563 

14.6 

Boys under 16 years of age. 

6,968 

0.9 

3,247 

1.9 

3,721 

0.7 

2,458 

0.6 

1,263 

0.9 

Outside. 

4,051 

0.5 

3,234 

1.9 

817 

0.1 

405 

0 . 1 

412 

0.3 

Inside. 

2,917 

0.4 

13 

0) 

2,904 

0.5 

2,053 

0.5 

851 

0.6 


1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 


Miners and miners’ helpers in the anthracite indus¬ 
try constitute a smaller part, while engineers, firemen,, 
and mechanics, and other employees 16 years of age and 
over, constitute a larger part of the total than the cor¬ 
responding classes in bituminous mines. This is more 
clearly shown if the comparison is limited to the inside 
men. Of the total number of inside wage earners, 
miners and their helpers constituted in anthracite 
mines, 66.7 per cent, and in bituminous mines, 80.7 
per cent; engineers, firemen, etc., 2 per cent and 1.1 
per cent, respectively; other wage earners 16 years and 
over, 31.3 per cent and 17.5 per cent. This difference 


in the composition of the inside forces of the two 
classes of mines reflects the larger scale of production, 
the further division of labor, and the greater complexity 
of organization in the anthracite mines, as compared 
with the bituminous. 

Boys under 16 years of age constituted less than 1 
per cent of all wage earners employed in the coal mining 
industry as a whole. Nearly half those reported were 
employed in the anthracite collieries, practically all 
above ground, while of those employed by bituminous 
operators by far the greater number were working 
below ground. 


84769°—13-3 














































































18 


COAL MINING. 


Wage earners employed, by months. 1 2 —The following 
table gives the number of wage earners employed on 
the 15th day of each month during the year 1909. 
Penal institutions and incomplete reports are excluded 
from this table. 

In general, the smaller number of wage earners 
employed in the spring and early summer months, 
reflects the seasonal fluctuation in the consumption of 
coal. In this respect the anthracite industry shows 
much greater steadiness of employment than the bitu¬ 
minous, with the number employed in the minimum 
month, August, equaling 95.8 per cent of the number 
in March, the maximum month. The anthracite pro¬ 


ducers obtain this regularity of operation partly by 
reducing the price of anthracite in the spring, in order 
to induce consumers to buy and store their supplies in 
the warmer months, and partly by storing large quan¬ 
tities of coal themselves. No such action is ordinarily 
taken by bituminous producers and the operation of 
their mines is more irregular. In this regard the mines 
combining coal mining and coke manufacture have an 
advantage over those without coke manufacture, since 
the consumption of furnace and foundry coke is not 
subject to seasonal fluctuations such as affect the use 
of coal for fuel, and, normally, the coke making mines 
operate more regularly. 


Table 18 


WAGE EARNERS EMPLOYED AT COAL MINES. 


MONTH. 

Aggregate. 

Anthracite. 

Bituminous. 

Number. 

Per cent 
of maxi¬ 
mum. 

Number. 

Per cent 
of maxi¬ 
mum. 

Total. 

Mines without coke 
manufacture. 

Mines with coke 
manufacture. 

Number. 

Per cent 
of maxi¬ 
mum. 

Number. 

Per cent 
of maxi¬ 
mum. 

Number. 

Per cent 
of maxi¬ 
mum. 

January. 

691,244 

94.8 

172,847 

99.9 

518,397 

92.6 

394,661 

93.0 

123,736 

91.2 

February. 

686,322 

94.1 

172,505 

99.7 

513,817 

91.7 

390,332 

92.0 

123,485 

91.0 

March. 

679,791 

93.2 

173,025 

100.0 

506,766 

90.5 

383,003 

90.2 

123,763 

91.2 

April. 

649,870 

89.1 

168,009 

97.1 

481,861 

86.0 

361,899 

85.3 

119,962 

88.4 


646,592 

88.7 

168,137 

97.2 

478,455 

85.4 

359,174 

84.6 

119,281 

87.9 


652,894 

89.5 

168,964 

97.7 

483,930 

86.4 

362,893 

85.5 

121,037 

89.2 

July. 

659,434 

90.4 

167,425 

96.8 

492,009 

87.8 

369,599 

87.1 

122,410 

90.2 

August. 

667,146 

91.5 

165,740 

95.8 

501,406 

89.5 

377,174 

88.9 

124,232 

91.6 

September. 

685,234 

94.0 

166,003 

95.9 

519,231 

92.7 

393,150 

92.6 

126,081 

92.9 

October. 

704,939 

96.7 

169,961 

98.2 

534,978 

95.5 

405,772 

95.6 

129,206 

95.2 

November. 

720,341 

98.8 

170,601 

98.6 

549,740 

98.2 

418,401 

98.6 

131,339 

96.8 

December. 

729,273 

100.0 

169,184 

97.8 

560,089 

100.0 

424,407 

100.0 

135,682 

100.0 


In 1909, in the bituminous industry, the maximum 
number of men, 560,089, was employed in December, 
and the minimum, 478,455, equal to 85.4 per cent of 
the maximum, in May. The number employed in 
December was considerably larger than the number 
employed in January, although the latter was also a 
month of heavy coal consumption and normally should 
have about equaled December in numbers employed. 
In January, however, the industry had not yet fully 
recovered from the preceding financial depression, 
while in December demand and output had much in¬ 
creased. This change in conditions is further shown 


1 The table gives a total of 729,273 wage earners employed Decem¬ 
ber 15,1909, while Table 16, showing the specific occupations, gives 
a total of 743,293 wage earners employed on December 15,1909, or the 
nearest representative day. This difference of 14,020, or less than 

2 per cent, is due to the fact that these figures were obtained from 
two separate inquiries on the census schedule. The first of these 
inquiries asked for the specific classes of wage earners employed on 
December 15, or the nearest representative day. If the mine was 
not operated on December 15, or was running under abnormal con¬ 
ditions, then in answer to this inquiry the operator reported the 
number of men employed on the nearest day when conditions were 
normal. The second inquiry asked for the number of wage earners 
on the 15th day of each month, which might or might not be a normal 
day. In all other tables in this section giving statistics of wage 
earners the number obtained from the occupational inquiry has 
been used, since it is considered that this number more closely 
approximates the true total of wage earners depending upon the 
industry for a livelihood than does the number actually employed 
on any one day. 


by the fact that the mines with coke production had 
relatively fewer men working at the beginning of the 
year than the mines without coke production. The 
operation of many of these mines depends chiefly on 
the demand for coke from iron and steel manufactur¬ 
ing enterprises, which are usually affected greatly by 
any industrial disturbance. The anthracite collieries 
show no such difference in numbers employed between 
the beginning and the end of 1909, since this industry 
depends chiefly on consumption for domestic purposes, 
which is little affected by industrial depression. 

Hours of labor.—The following classification gives 
for 1909 the number of mines operated specified num¬ 
bers of hours per day or per shift, and the per cent of 
wage earners employed in mines of each class. River 
dredges, penal institutions, mines employing no wage 
earners, and mines with incomplete reports are ex¬ 
cluded. The wage earners employed in coke manu¬ 
facture at mines are included in calculating the 
percentages of wage earners given. 

This classification is based on the normal hours of 
operation per day or per shift, and occasional de¬ 
partures from this standard have not been considered. 
The percentages shown in the last three columns in¬ 
dicate the distribution of the total number of wage 
earners among mines of the different classes. In this 


I 

















































THE INDUSTRY AS A WHOLE. 


19 


connection it must be distinctly understood that the 
census inquiry asked only the prevailing hours of labor 
for the mine, and took no account of exceptions in the 
nature of employment of some wage earners for more 
or fewer hours than those of the bulk of employees. 
Sometimes one class of wage earners has regularly a 
different working time from that of another class. 
However, the table may be taken as indicating ap¬ 
proximately the actual distribution of wage earners 
according to the number of hours worked per day. 

The classification shows that practically all wage 
earners in anthracite mines in 1909 were working on 
a 9-hour basis. This corresponds to the terms of the 
agreement between the operators and the mine work¬ 
ers. In the bituminous industry nearly three-fifths of 
all wage earners reported were employed at mines oper¬ 
ated 8 hours per day, about one-fourth at mines oper¬ 
ated 10 hours per day, and about one-eighth at mines 


The following table shows the number and total 
horsepower of engines, water wheels, and other motors 
used in 1909. So-called “rented power” represents 
that of electric motel’s, usually owned by the mine op¬ 
erator, which are run by current furnished by some 
outside concern. The table does not cover the few 
mines with incomplete reports or those operated by 
penal institutions. The statistics for mines with coke 
manufacture include power used in the coke business, 
which, however, is small in amount. 

The total primary horsepower for the industry in 
1909 was 1,904,154, of which 676,753 was reported for 
anthracite and 1,227,401 for bituminous mines. Prac¬ 
tically all power used was owned, the horsepower of 
electric motors operated by purchased current amount¬ 
ing to only 1.4 per cent of the total primary power 
used. Nearly all the primary power was generated 
by steam engines. The number of electric motors in 
use at the mines, most of which are operated by cur¬ 
rent generated by the mine operators themselves, is 
large. 

The anthracite operators use relatively much more 
power than the bituminous. The average primary 
power per mine for anthracite mines exclusive of the 
small river dredges in 1909 was 1,877 horsepower; 
for bituminous mines without coke manufacture, 231 
horsepower; and for those with coke manufacture, 
494 horsepower. The higher figure for anthracite is 
due not only to the fact that the average output of 
coal per mine is much greater than for bituminous 
mines; but is also attributable to the greater depth 
and extent of the mine workings and the greater vol¬ 


operated 9 hours per day. No mines were reported in 
operation 11 hours per day, and less than 1 per cent of 
the total number of wage earners were working at 
mines operated 12 hours per day. 

Mines Classified according to Hours of Operation per 
Day or per Shift: 1909. 


Table 19 

NUMBER OF 
HOURS MINES WERE 
NORMALLY 
OPERATED PER DAY 
OR PER SHIFT. 

NUMBER OF MINES. 

1 PER CENT OF 

MINES. 

PERCENT OF WAGE 
EARNERS EM¬ 
PLOYED IN MINES 
WITH PREVAIL¬ 
ING HOURS 
SPECIFIED. 

Total. 

An¬ 

thra¬ 

cite. 

Bi¬ 

tumi¬ 

nous. 

Total. 

An¬ 

thra¬ 

cite. 

Bi¬ 

tumi¬ 

nous. 

Total. 

An¬ 

thra¬ 

cite. 

Bi¬ 

tumi¬ 

nous. 

Total. 

6,338 

360 

5,978 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Less than 8 hours . 

68 

3 

65 

1. 1 

0.8 

1.1 

0.4 

0.3 

0.4 

8 hours. 

3,757 

10 

3,747 

59.3 

2.8 

62.7 

45.2 

1.4 

58.5 

9 hours. 

1,146 

336 

810 

18.1 

93.3 

13.5 

33.4 

98.0 

13.8 

10 hours. 

1.279 

9 

1.270 

20.2 

2.5 

21.2 

19.5 

0.3 

25.4 

12 hours . 

9 


9 

0.1 


0.2 

0.7 


0.9 

Not specified. 

79 

2 

77 

1.2 

0.6 

1.3 

0.8 

( l ) 

1.1 


‘ Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 


ume of water to be pumped, and to the further fact 
that the method of crushing, screening, and washing 
anthracite requires relatively far more power than is 
similarly used at bituminous mines. The high aver¬ 
age per mine for mines making coke, as compared with 
mines without coke manufacture, is due chiefly to their 
larger scale of production, and only in small degree to 
the additional power required by the coke yards. 


Table 20 

KIND. 

Total. 

Anthra¬ 

cite. 

• 

BIT 

Total. 

UMINOUS 

Mines 

without 

coke 

manu¬ 

facture. 

Mines 

with 

coke 

manu¬ 

facture. 

Primary horsepower, total... 

1,904,154 

676,753 

1,227,401 

910,778 

316,623 

Owned. 

1,877,450 

675,343 

1,202,107 

896,365 

305,742 

Rented. 

26,704 

1,410 

25,294 

14,413 

10,881 

Owned power: 






Steam engines— 






Number. 

19,318 

7,580 

11,738 

9,309 

2,429 

Horsepower. 

1,874,001 

674,571 

1,199,430 

894,070 

305,360 

Gas engines— 






Number. 

374 

25 

349 

333 

13 

Horsepower. 

3,101 

772 

2,329 

2,232 

97 

Water wheels— 






Number. 

7 


7 

5 

2 

Horsepower. 

334 


334 

59 

275 

Water motors— 






Number. 

2 


2 

1 

1 

Horsepower. 

14 


14 

4 

10 

Rented power^—electric motors run 






by purchased current: 






Number. 

872 

32 

840 

517 

323 

Horsepower. 

26,704 

1,410 

25,294 

14,413 

10,881 

Average primary horsepower per 






mine 1 . 

385 

1,877 

268 

231 

494 

Electric motors run by current 






generated by operator (sec- 






ondary power)— 






Number. 

10,869 

1,152 

9,717 

6,665 

3,052 

Horsepower. 

375,386 

46,088 

329,298 

212,610 

116,688 


1 Excludes Pennsylvania anthracite river dredges and bituminous mines operated 
without mechanical power. 






















































































PART II.—PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE COAL. 


INTRODUCTION. 


This section deals with the statistics of Pennsyl¬ 
vania anthracite coal. Anthracite is also mined in the 
Rocky Mountain fields, but their output in 1909 was 
very small, and the separate statistics for the industry 
there are confined to the figures given in the detailed 
table, Part IV. The tables of this section cover 
only producing operations; the statistics of nonpro¬ 
ducing collieries are given in Table 62. 

Location of the anthracite deposits.—The anthracite 
coal of Pennsylvania is produced in the northeastern 
part of the state, in the counties of Carbon, Columbia, 
Dauphin, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Northumberland, 
Schuylkill, Sullivan, Susquehanna, and Wayne. About 
85 per cent of the output comes from Lackawanna, 
Luzerne, and Schuylkill Counties. The deposits are 
divided into three general producing regions. The 
Upper Region, except some small outlying deposits 
in Sullivan County, extends from northeast to south¬ 
west in a narrow belt coinciding roughly with the val¬ 
leys of the Lackawanna and Susquehanna Rivers, 
from near Forest City to the vicinity of Shickshinny, 
and contains about 176 square miles. The Middle 
Region extends approximately east and west through 
Columbia, Schuylkill, Luzerne, and Northumberland 
Counties, the coal occurring in several irregular 
valleys containing about 127 square miles of produc¬ 
tive measures. The Southern Region embraces about 
180 square miles in Carbon, Schuylkill, and Dauphin 
Counties. (See map on page 25.) 

Methods of production.—Anthracite coal is now re¬ 
covered by three methods: Mining, washing culm 
banks, and dredging from stream beds. The culm 
banks are dumps of slate and dirt from the mines, 


containing more or less coal. These were formerly 
considered valueless, but in recent years it has been 
found profitable to recover the coal contained by 
washing. In 1909 more than 4,300,000 tons of coal 
were thus obtained. The coal dredged from the 
streams comes from old culm banks that have been 
partially washed away. The action of the flowing 
water has effected a natural separation of the coal 
from its accompanying refuse, and where this coal 
has been deposited along the stream beds it can be 
recovered by dredging. The total quantity so re¬ 
covered is not large, and in fact the industry is 
confined to small operators supplying chiefly local 
markets. Dredging is necessarily dependent on the 
seasons and the stage of the rivers. Statistics of 
these dredge operators are not included in any 
of the tables for Pennsylvania anthracite, except* 
Table 21. 

Number of collieries.—The word “colliery” is used 
in this chapter to designate a single producing unit. 
If the coal from several mine openings was prepared at 
one breaker, this has been counted as one colliery. 
Each washery operated independently of fresh mine 
production, that is, recovering coal from culm banks, 
has been counted as a colliery, but washeries operated 
as a part of the equipment for cleaning freshly mined 
coal have not been counted separately. Of the 357 
collieries reported in Table 21, 52 were washeries re¬ 
covering coal from culm piles independently of fresh 
mine production and 305 were breakers at active 
mines. In addition, incomplete reports were re¬ 
ceived for 3 mines and 4 washeries, which have not 
been included in any of the tables of this section. 


GENERAL SUMMARY: 1909. 


The general statistics of the Pennsylvania anthracite 
industry for the calendar year 1909 may be found in 


Table 62. The following table summarizes the more 
important details: 


Table 21 


Number of operators. 

Number of collieries or dredges. 

Acres of coal land controlled. 

Owned. 

Held under lease. 

Capital. 

Total gross expenses. 

Deduct charges to miners for explo¬ 
sives, oil, and blacksmithing. 

Total net expenses. 

Coal: 

Total tons produced (2,240 pounds).. 

Value at mines.. 

Total tons marketed. 

Value at mines. 


TotaL 

Collieries. 1 

River 

dredges. 2 3 


Total. 

Collieries. 1 

River 

dredges. 2 

189 

139 

50 

Number of wage earners . 

173.263 

173.09S 

165 

420 

357 

63 

Total primarv horsepower. 

676,128 

675,196 

932 

3 273.499 
183,044 
101,430 
8246,713,318 

3 273,499 
183,044 
101,430 
8246,599.761 


Gross expenses by items: 

Services. 

$96,742,395 
4,572.489 
92,169.906 

$96,710,289 
4,569,565 
92,140,724 

$32.106 
2,924 
29,182 


Salaries. 

$113,557 

Wages. 

8139,110,444 

8139,048,811 

$61,633 

Supplies. 

26,662,088 

26,640,773 

21,315 

$4,864,844 

$134,245,600 

84,864,844 

$134,183,967 

Fuel and rent of power. 

Other. 

3,189,279 
23,472.809 
7,969,785 

3,183,908 
23,456,865 
7,967,209 

5,371 

15,944 

2,576 

$61,633 

Royalties. 

72,215,273 
8148,957,894 
64,524,302 
S145,880,526 

72,109,034 
$148,866,422 
64.419,923 
$145,791,493 

106,239 

$91,472 

104.379 

$89,033 

Miscellaneous. 

7,736,176 

7.730,540 

5,636 


1 Exclusive of 3 operators with 3 mines and 4 washeries, producing 94,871 tons, valued at 869,848, for which capital, number of employees, and operating expenses 
were not reported. 

2 Statistics of river dredges are not included in any subsequent table of Part II. 

3 The total is exclusive of a duplication of 10,975 acres in figures for owned and leased acreage. See Introduction, “Coal land controlled.” 


(20) 





















































PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE COAL. 


21 


The total production of Pennsylvania anthracite in 
1909 was 72,310,144 long tons, of which the concerns 
covered by the above table produced 72,215,273 tons, 
while 94,871 tons were reported by operators who 
furnished incomplete reports. Of the total shown in 
the table 67,776,000 tons (in round numbers) were 
the product of mines proper, 4,333,000 tons that of 


washeries not connected with mines, and 106,000 tons 
that of river dredges. The total value reported for 
these 72,215,273 tons was $148,957,894 and the total 
gross expenses were $139,110,444, of which 66.3 per 
cent was for wages. The number of wage earners 
employed was 173,263, and the operators used a total 
of 676,000 primary horsepower. 


PROGRESS OF THE INDUSTRY. 


In Table 22 the recent progress of the anthracite 
industry is shown bj r various items selected from the 
census returns of 1889 and 1909, which have been 
rendered comparable by the following adjustments: 
19 idle collieries and 49 small local operations have 
been deducted from the total number of collieries 
given for 1889; the salaries paid to foremen have 
been deducted from the wages for 1889, since in 1909 
the payments to such foremen were included in 
salaries. The cost of fuel was included in the cost of 
supplies for 1909 but not for 1889; but no adjustment 
has been made on this account because in 1889 the 
refuse coal burned beneath the boilers was unmarket¬ 
able, while in 1909 the conditions of preparing and 
selling anthracite had so changed that such refuse had 
a distinct value, and most companies were charging to 
operating expenses the value of coal used for power. 

Comparative Statistics of Pennsylvania Anthracite Col¬ 
lieries: 1909 and 1889. 


Table 22. 



INCREASE. 


1909 

1889 

Amount. 

Per 

cent. 

Number of collieries. 

357 

1343 

. 14 

4.1 

Acres of coal and other land con¬ 
trolled . 

! 464,210 

213,938 

250,272 

117.0 

Owned. 

316,711 

107,282 

209.429 

195.2 

Held under lease. 

159,188 

106,656 

52.532 

49.3 

Capital. 

$246,599,761 

$161,784,473 

$.84,815,288 

52.4 

Gross expenses. 

$139,048,811 

$61,109,958 

$77,938,853 

127.5 

Wages. 

$92,140,724 

$37,768,431 

$54,372,293 

144.0 

Colliery supplies. 

$26,640,773 

$10,822,363 

$15,818,410 

146.2 

Tons of coal marketed (2,240 
pounds). 

64,419,923 

37,146.456 

27,273,467 

73.4 

Value at mines of coal marketed.. 

$145,791,493 

$65,721,578 

$80,069,915 

121.8 


i Exclusive of 19 which were idle during the year, 49 small diggings and washeries 
supplying local trade, and 18 new establishments in course of construction. 

i The total is exclusive of a duplication of 11,689 acres in figures for owned and 
leased acreage. See Introduction, “Coal land controlled.” 

The quantity of anthracite marketed increased from 
37,146,000 long tons in 1889 to 64,420,000 in 1909, or 
73.4 per cent. The value of the coal marketed in¬ 
creased 121.8 per cent, the average value per ton rising 

RAILWAY AFFILIA: 

The affiliation of coal producers with railways, by 
affecting the distribution and consumption of their 
product, may also influence materially the conditions 
of operation. The following table gives the principal 
statistics of anthracite operators classified according 
to their affiliation with railways. This classification, 
as stated in connection with Table 11, was based on 
official information. 


from $1.77 to $2.26. The total reported expenses in¬ 
creased 127.5 per cent, while wage payments increased 
144 per cent and the cost of colliery supplies 146.2 per 
cent. At the same time the average expense per ton also 
materially increased. Considering the entire produc¬ 
tion. both the tonnage marketed and that consumed at 
the collieries, the average gross expense per ton reported 
in 1889 was $1.50, while in 1909, for all collieries, it 
was $1.93. But in 1909, 4,333,000 tons of coal were 
produced from culm banks, while practically none was 
so produced in 1889. Table 28, which gives separate 
statistics for mines as distinguished from washeries, 
shows that the average gross expense per ton mined 
in 1909 was $2.03, or $0.53 more than in 1889. The 
increase in the cost of production, however, was 
probably even greater, since in 1909 the tonnage re¬ 
ported included small sizes of coal which in 1889 
were not marketable and were not included, while for 
both years the expenses reported, of course, neces¬ 
sarily included the expense of producing the entire 
output, both of salable and unsalable sizes. This in¬ 
crease has all been in wage payments and cost of sup¬ 
plies, and, speaking broadly, is accounted for by the 
greater expense of working deeper deposits and 
measures generally thinner than in 1889, and by 
advances in the rates of wages and the prices of colliery 
supplies. 

The number of collieries operated increased but 
little. Indeed, if the 52 washeries recovering coal 
from culm banks in 1909 are excluded, there were but 
305 mines proper, as compared with 343 in 1889. 
The average output per mine has largely increased. 
If comparison is restricted to mines proper by exclud¬ 
ing from the figures for 1909 the 4,333,000 long tons 
recovered by washeries, the average production per 
mine in 1909 (including the coal used for steam and 
heat, as well as that marketed) was about 222,000 
tons, as compared with about 118,000 tons in 1889. 

ON OF OPERATORS. 

The 11 coal mining concerns affiliated with railroads 
reported 84.4 per cent of the total coal land in 1909, 
75.7 per cent of the total output of anthracite, and 
78.2 per cent of the total number of wage earners 
reported for the industry. Their average acreage of 
coal land controlled per operator was more than 20,000 
acres, as compared with an average of less than 350 
acres for the unaffiliated operators, and their average 



























22 


COAL MINING. 


annual output per operator was nearly 5,000,000 tons, 
as compared with less than 140,000 tons for the other 
operators. The difference in the size of the collieries 
of the two groups is indicated by the fact that these 
11 concerns, affiliated with the anthracite carrying 


railroads, show an average of 645 men employed 
and over 260,000 tons of coal produced per colliery, as 
compared with 256 men employed and less than 
120,000 tons of coal produced per colliery by the 
unaffiliated operators. 


STATISTICS OF PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE OPERATORS AFFILIATED AND UNAFFILIATED WITH 

RAILROADS: 1909. 


Table 23 

Total. 

Operators 

affiliated 

with 

railroads. 

Unaffiliated 

operators. 


Total. 

Operators 

affiliated 

with 

railroads. 

Unaffiliated 

operators. 

Number of operators. 

Number of collieries (including wash- 

eries). 

Acres of coal land controlled 1 . 

Owned. 

Held under lease. 

Leased by operators to each other. 

Capital. 

Gross expenses. 

Deduct charges to miners for ex¬ 
plosives, oil, and blacksmithing. 

Net expenses. 

Royalties. 

139 

357 
273,499 
183,044 
101,430 
10,975 
$246,599,761 
$139,048,811 

$4,864,844 
$134,183,967 
$7,967,209 

11 

210 
230,739 
180,567 
61,129 
10,957 
$218,198,695 
$106,493,484 

$3,862,611 
$102,630,873 
$4,219,299 

128 

147 
42,760 
2,477 
40,301 
18 

$28,401,066 

$32,555,327 

$1,002,233 

$31,553,094 

$3,747,910 

Total tons (2,240 pounds) of coal pro¬ 
duced . 

Loaded at mines for shipment.... 

Sold locally. 

Used at mines for steam and heat. 

Total value of coal at mines. 

Employees: 

Salaried. 

Wage earners. 

Outside. 

Inside. 

Total primary horsepower. 

72,109,034 
62,630,012 
1,789,911 
7,689,111 
$148,866,422 

4,297 
173,098 
48,505 
124,593 
675,196 

54,616,158 
47,617,579 
960,589 
6,037,990 
$113,779,555 

3,262 
135,407 
35,713 
99,694 
539,365 

17,492,876 
15,012,433 
829,322 
1,651,121 
$35,086,867 

1,035 
37,691 
12,792 
24,899 
135,831 


1 Total is exclusive of duplication of acreage leased by operators to each other. See Introduction, “ Coal land controlled.” 


SCALE OF PRODUCTION. 


Tables 12, 13, and 14 of Part I give statistics relat¬ 
ing to the size of anthracite operating organizations, 
but include the Rocky Mountain anthracite mines and 
the Pennsylvania river dredges as well as the anthra¬ 
cite collieries proper; furthermore, Table 14 classifies 
operators on the basis of all land controlled. The fol¬ 
lowing tables, classifying operators according to value 
of products and number of wage earners, not only con¬ 
fine the statistics to Pennsylvania colliery operators, 
but distinguish the operators as affiliated and unaffili- 
ated with railroads; while the table classifying opera¬ 
tors according to acreage controlled is based on hold¬ 
ings of coal land exclusive of barren areas. 

Classification of operators according to value of coal pro¬ 
duced: 1909.—Of the 139 anthracite operators in Penn¬ 
sylvania in 1909, exclusive of those operating dredges, 
19 produced less than $10,000 worth of products 
each; 49, from $10,000 to $100,000; 39, from $100,000 
to $500,000; 15, from $500,000 to $1,000,000; 8, from 
$1,000,000 to $5,000,000; and 9, $5,000,000 or more. 
The following table distinguishes the 139 operators 
according as they are affiliated or unaffiliated with 
railroads, and classifies those of each group according 
to the value of coal produced per operator: 


Table 24 

VALUE OF COAL PRODUCED PER 
OPERATOR. 

OPERATORS AFFILIATED 
WITH RAILROADS. 

UNAFFILIATED 

OPERATORS. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
oper¬ 
ators. 

Value of coal 
produced. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
oper¬ 
ators. 

Value of coal 
produced. 

Total. 

11 

$113,779,555 

128 

19 

49 

54 

6 

$35,086,867 

81,227 
2,141,855 
21,020,422 
11,843,363 

LrPss than *10,000 

$10,000 to $100,000. 



$100,000 to SI .000,000. 



Over SI, 000,000. 

11 

113,779,555 



Each of the companies affiliated with railroads re¬ 
ported an output valued at more than $1,000,000, and 
the average value of coal per company was more than 


$10,000,000. On the other hand, only 6 of the 128 
unaffiliated operators reported an output valued at 
more than $1,000,000, and the average value of coal 
for these 6 operators was less than $2,000,000 each. 

Classification of operators according to number of wage 
earners employed: 1909.—Table 13 gives the number 
of anthracite operators in the United States as a 
whole employing specified numbers of wage earners, 
together with the number of wage earners employed 
by each group. Table 25 presents a similar classifi¬ 
cation for Pennsylvania anthracite operators affiliated 
with railroads, and unaffiliated respectively. The 
river dredges, included in Table 13, are excluded 
from this table. 


Table 25 

NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS PER 
OPERATOR. 

OPERATORS 
AFFILLATED WITH 
RAILROADS. 

UNAFFILIATED 

OPERATORS. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
opera¬ 
tors. 

Number 

of 

wage 

earners. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
opera¬ 
tors. 

Number 

of 

wage 

earners. 

Total. 

11 

135,407 

128 

37,691 

100 or less. 



62 

2 , 325 

101 to 500. 



41 

11 841 

501 to 1,000. 



18 

11 857 

Over 1,000. 

11 

135,407 

7 

11,668 


All of the 11 operators connected with railroads 
were in the class of employers reporting more than 
1,000 wage earners, with the average number employed 
per company exceeding 12,000 men. Among the 
unaffiliated operators, 7 reported more than 1,000 
wage earners each, but the great majority of unaffili¬ 
ated operators were relatively small employers of 
labor. 

Classification of operators according to number of acres 
of coal land controlled: 1909.—The following table gives 
the principal facts regarding the control of coal lands 
and the accompanying coal production for Pennsyl- 










































































23 


PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE COAL. 


vania anthracite operators holding specified areas. 
Thirteen operators who reported their entire produc¬ 
tion from washing culm piles have been excluded 
from this table. 


Table 26 

NUMBER 

OF ACRES OF COAL LAND CONTROLLED 
PER OPERATOR. 


Total. 

Less 
than 100 
acres. 

100 to 
1,000 
acres. 

1,000 to 
10,000 
acres. 

10,000 
acres and 
over. 

Number of operators. 

Acres of coal land con- 

126 

42 

62 

16 

6 

trolled i. 

273,499 

1,468 

22,721 

38,328 

210,982 

Owned. 

183,044 

149 

1.259 

12,753 

168,883 

Held under lease. 

Average number of acres 

101,430 

1,319 

21,480 

26,289 

52,342 

per operator. 

Total tons of coal produced 
(2,240 pounds). 

2,171 

35 

366 

2,396 

35,164 

68,558.720 

663,366 

10,474,306 

13,295,247 

44,125,801 

Average per operator. 

Average per acre con- 

544,117 

15,794 

168,940 

830,953 

7,354,300 

trolled. 

251 

452 

461 

347 

209 

Tons sold locally. 

1,616,495 

219,330 

263,995 

327,556 

805,614 

Per cent of total output.. 

2.4 

33.1 

2.5 

2.5 

1.8 


1 Exclusive of duplication of land leased by operators to each other. (See Table 21.) 


The above figures are of particular interest because 
the acreage of anthracite land is very limited and is 
practically all covered by the table. The tabulation 
shows that six large concerns controlled more than 
three-fourths of all the anthracite land reported. 
That they hold a considerable part of this area in re¬ 
serve is clearly shown by a comparison of the average 
actual output of coal per acre controlled for the vari¬ 
ous groups. This average for the six largest holders 


was 209 tons per acre, or less than half as much as for 
the two groups of smallest holders, whose limited 
acreage precluded the holding of reserve areas. 1 The 
figures show not only greatly concentrated control of 
the anthracite deposits, but also show that the small 
and medium sized concerns are mining out their de¬ 
posits much more rapidly than the largest concerns, 
so that increased concentration of the industry may 
occur in the future. Furthermore, the larger operators 
hold their lands chiefly through direct ownership, while 
all the other groups report much the greater portion of 
their acreage held under lease. 

The table also indicates the importance to the small 
land holders of local sales of coal. The 42 operators 
each with less than 100 acres of coal land were limited 
by their restricted acreage to an average annual out¬ 
put of less than 16,000 tons each; but they were able 
to sell about one-third of their output locally. Much 
of this coal was retailed and brought better prices 
than could be secured for coal shipped to distant mar¬ 
kets. This is of material assistance to these operators 
in offsetting the greater cost of small-scale produc¬ 
tion. The local markets, however, are by no means 
abandoned to these small operators by the large pro¬ 
ducers. On the contrary, of the total coal marketed 
locally, the 22 largest operators sold nearly three- 
fourths, though such local sales formed only a small 
proportion of their total output. 


EXPENSES. 


The analytical figures for the distribution of expenses 
at the anthracite collieries are presented in three tables. 
The first covers all classes of collieries combined, the 
second gives separate figures for mines and for wash- 
eries, and the third deals with royalties. 

Distribution of expenses for all collieries: 1900.—The 
following table shows for all anthracite collieries, the 
average expenses per ton, and the percentage of gross 
expenses formed by the several items: 


Table 27 

Average 
expense 
per ton. 

Per cent 
of total 
gross ex¬ 
penses. 


$1.86 


Total gross expenses. 

1.93 

100.0 

Salaries. 

0.06 

3.3 

W ages. 

1.28 

66.3 

Supplies. 

0.37 

19.2 

Royalties. 

0.11 

5.7 

Miscellaneous. 

0.11 

5.6 



It will be noted from the above figures that the chief 
element of expense is services, salaries and wages to¬ 
gether amounting to $1.34 per ton and comprising 
69.6 per cent of the reported gross expenses in 1909. 
The next largest item was colliery supplies, including 
the cost of fuel and power. The average gross ex¬ 
pense for this item was $0.37 per ton. As explained 
in the remarks under “Wages” and “Supplies” in the 


Introduction, the operators’ net cost of supplies was 
somewhat less than the above amount. 

The average cost per ton given for royalties, $0.11, 
must not be taken as the average rate of royalty, 
since the foregoing figure is computed from the total 
output of anthracite, but on the greater part of this 
total, namely, the coal produced from lands owned by 
operators, no royalty was paid. (See Table 29.) 

Expenses and related data for mines and for washeries.— 
The expense of producing anthracite from mines is 
much greater than the expense of recovering coal by 
washing culm banks. In order to give separate data 
for these two kinds of operations, the following table 
has been prepared summarizing the principal statistics 
relating to expenses for mines and for washeries which 
were recovering coal from culm piles, independently of 
fresh mine production. As explained in the footnote on 
the following page, certain operations have necessarily 

1 This average output per acre disregards variations in the orig¬ 
inal coal contents of the land and differences in the methods of 
mining. Variations in the thickness of the coal measures might 
readily cause considerable difference in the average output per acre, 
but in general the lands of the small holders are not underlaid by 
more productive coal measures than the lands of the large holders, 
so that the differences in the averages quoted above can not be at¬ 
tributed to this cause. Furthermore, the mining methods of the 
large operators are certainly not inferior to those of the small oper¬ 
ators, and hence the smaller average output per acre for the large 
producers can not be accounted for in this manner. 














































24 


COAL MINING. 


been excluded from the table, and certain adminis¬ 
trative expenses (relatively small in amount) have 
been apportioned to the mines and the washeries by 
estimate. 1 


Table 28 

Mines. 

Washeries. 

Number of collieries. 

272 

43 

Total gross expenses. 

$114,613,120 

$4,165,815 

$110,447,305 

56,536,922 

$121,248,635 

144,639 

38,244 

7,278 

27,862 

$1,324,325 

$251 

Less charges to miners for explosives, oil, and black- 
smithing. 

Total net expenses. 

$1,324,074 

3,550,314 

$2,274,004 

1,712 

Tons (2,240 pounds) of coal produced. 

Value at mines.. 1..*.. 

Wage earners, number 1 . 

Outside ... . 

1 ,712 

Engineers, firemen, and mechanics. 

'248 

Others, 16 years and over. 

1,440 

Boys under 16 years. 

3 ,104 

24 

Inside.. 

106,395 

1,987 

Engineers, firemen, and mechanics. 


Miners. 

39i934 
32,588 
31,873 
13 


Miners’ helpers. 


Others, 16 years and over. 


Boys under 16 years. 


Total primary horsepower. 

574,360 

$77,029,135 

2,046,249 

74,982,886 

21,864,411 

11,584 

Gross expense by items: 

Services. 

$728,106 
53,413 

Salaries. 

Wages. 

674i693 
387,657 
91,375 

Supplies. 

f'uel and rent of power. 

2 ; 50L 620 
19,362,791 
7,187,342 
8,532,232 
3,211,123 

Other.*. .•. 

296i 282 
122,938 
85,624 
57,775 

Royalties. 

Miscellaneous. 

Taxes, contract work, and sundries. 

Apportioned administrative expenses. 

5; 32i;109 

27,849 


Average value of coal per ton at collieries. 

$2.14 

$0.64 

Average net expense per ton. 

1.95 

0.37 

Average gross expense per ton. 

2.03 

0.37 

Salaries 2 . 

0.06 

0.02 

Wages 2 . 

1.34 

0.19 

Supplies. 

0.39 

0.11 

Royalties. 

0.13 

0.03 

Miscellaneous.".. 

0.11 

0.02 



1 Exclusive of 1,486 wage earners employed on general work who could not be 
distributed, but the wages of these men were part of the administrative expenses 
apportioned. 

2 Includes the average amount of general office salaries and wages per ton. 


This table shows an average gross expense for coal 
recovered by washeries of SO.37 per ton, as compared 
with S2.03 per ton for coal produced from mines. 
This low average expense for washeries is to be ex¬ 
pected, since the recovery of coal from culm banks 
is largely mechanical, and few employees are needed. 
The average value of the washery product is likewise 
much below that of the mine output, which is due to 
the fact that most of the washery coal is of smaller, 
less valuable sizes. 

Royalty payments: 1909.—The following table gives 
data regarding royalties: 


Table 29 

Tons of coal 
from leased 
land (2,240 , 
pounds). 

Royalty 

payments. 

Average 
royalty 
per ton. 

Total, all collieries. 

15,705,262 

14,929,912 
775,350 

$3,691,544 

3,595,366 
96,178 

$0. 24 

Mines. 

0.24 

Washeries. 

0.12 



This table does not cover all mines and washeries 
operating under lease, since the reports of some 
operators did not specify the tonnage of coal pro¬ 
duced under lease with the royalty payments there¬ 
for, but the tonnage covered is sufficiently large to 
show prevailing conditions. 

The rates of anthracite royalties vary according to 
the sizes of coal produced. The table shows that for 
coal from mines the average rate was about SO.24 per 
ton, and for coal washed from culm banks, with the 
greater proportion of small sizes, about $0.12 per ton. 


WAGE EARNERS. 


The more general statistics as to the employment 
of persons in anthracite collieries have already been 
presented in Table 16. Additional details are given in 
the following tables. 

1 In 1909, 52 washeries were operated independently of fresh mine 
production, but the table deals with only 43 of these washeries. 
This is due to the fact that the reports for 9 washeries were combined 
by the operators with the reports for 33 mines, and of course these 
operations covered by combined reports were necessarily excluded 
from this analysis. Accordingly, 9 washeries with a total produc¬ 
tion of 862,012 tons and 33 mines with a total production of 
11,159,786 tons have been excluded from the table. However, the 
number of operations and the total tonnage covered by the table 
are sufficiently large to give representative figures for each class 
of producing units. 

Miscellaneous expenses given in this table include certain ad¬ 
ministrative expenses. These were salaries and other general office 
expenses reported by various companies as a total. In all other 
anthracite tables, which show expenses for the industry as a whole, 
these expenses could be and have been included under the proper 
heads of salaries, wages, taxes, rent of offices, etc., but in this table 
based on individual collieries it was necessary to distribute such 
general office expenses reported in toto for the company to the several 
collieries, in order that no part of the expenses should be omitted. 
For this purpose these administrative expenses were distributed in 
the proportion which the total expense of each colliery bore.to the 
total expense of the company. While this method lowers in this 
table the total amount of salaries and wages reported as such, and 
increases the total amount of miscellaneous expense by an equal 
amount, as compared with other tables for anthracite, the total ex- 
enses as shown are substantially correct for the collieries covered 
y the table. Moreover, in the lower part of the table the average 
amounts of salaries and wages per ton have been calculated to in¬ 
clude these general office salaries and wages, so that the averages 
shown approximate the actual average amounts and proportions of 
the various items given. 


Employment of wage earners above and below ground for 
different classes of collieries: 1909.—At some collieries 
washeries are used as part of the breaker equipment 
for cleaning coal from the mines, while at other 
collieries the coal is cleaned by other means. This 
difference in equipment affects the employment of 
labor in the breakers. The following table, giving the 
number and per cent of wage earners employed out¬ 
side and inside the mines for different classes of col¬ 
lieries, presents data bearing on this subject: 2 


Table 30 

Collieries 

without 

washeries. 

Collieries 

with 

washeries. 

Wash¬ 

eries. 

Wage earners, number, Dec. 15, 1909, or nearest 

representative day. 

Outside. 

112,834 
31,242 
81,592 
100.0 
27.7 
72.3 

31,805 

7,002 

24,803 

100.0 

22.0 

78.0 

1,712 

1,712 

Inside. 

Per cent of total. 

100.0 

100.0 

Outside. 

Inside. 




The table shows that in 1909 the collieries using 
washeries in the breakers employed but 22 per cent of 
their wage earners above ground as compared with 
27.7 per cent thus employed in collieries cleaning coal 
by other means. While some other factors may also 


2 The figures in this table are exclusive of the employees of 
the collieries omitted from Table 28, as explained in connection 
therewith. 
















































































PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE COAL. 


25 


contribute to this result, the primary cause is doubt¬ 
less the reduction in the number of breaker employees 
through the use of washeries. 

Number of days collieries were operated: 1909. 1 —The 
following table gives the number of collieries which 
were operated specified numbers of days during the 
year 1909. 

The table indicates the irregularity of employment 
in the anthracite collieries from day to day. Of the 
total number reported, 30.5 per cent were in opera¬ 
tion more than 240 days, 54.9 per cent more than 210 
days, and 74.2 per cent more than 180 days. Except 

1 By agreement between the operators and their employees the 
anthracite collieries were operated on a 9-hour day basis. 


in a few cases time was not lost in one continuous pe¬ 
riod of nonoperation, but the breakers were shut down 
for a day or two at more or less frequent intervals to 
permit repairs, to restrict output, or for other reasons. 
This feature of operation is not peculiar to anthracite, 
but is true generally of the entire coal mining industry. 


Table 31 

NUMBER OF DAYS IN 
OPERATION . 

Number 

of 

collieries. 

NUMBER OF DAYS IN 
OPERATION. 

Number 

of 

collieries. 

Total. 

357 

181 to 210. 

69 

30 or less. 

5 

211 to 240. 

87 

31 to 60. 

3 

241 to 270. 

54 

61 to 90. 

8 

271 to 300. 

42 

91 to 120. 

14 

301 to 330. 

12 

121 to 150. 

27 

331 to 365. 

1 

151 to 180.... 

34 

Time not specified. 

1 






ERIE 


MAP SHOWING ANTHRACITE FIELDS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 


I 

✓ 

i 


\ i 

\ 1 

\ BRADFORD 1 SUSQUEHANNA • 

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WAYNE 


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GHENY f -V I / BLAIR / § / X BERKS *V A 

/ / f i § /._/ / ^ERRY ( C \ \ BERKS BUCKS 

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T / / • • V CUMBERLAND / • • y *£>;. 

N ’r / / V / \ /•" v ; '*—xO' 

• V / / V / LANCASTER J rHE^TER ^ 

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i v / ; J i { \ i J 


ANTHRACITE 

































PART III. 1 2 —BITUMINOUS COAL 


GENERAL SUMMARY: 1909. 


Statistics for mines with and without coke manufac¬ 
ture, by states.—Table 32 summarizes for the year 
1909 the more important statistics of the bituminous 
coal industry as conducted in the various states, dis¬ 


tinguishing mines operating coke ovens from those 
without such manufacture. For total production and 
value of bituminous coal for each state, including coal 
used for making coke, see Table 33. 


SUMMARY OF STATISTICS FOR BITUMINOUS COAL MINES, DISTINGUISHING THOSE WITH AND WITHOUT COKE 

MANUFACTURE, BY STATES: 1909. 


Table 32 







PRODUCTS. 

STATE. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
mines. 

Acres of 
coal land 
con¬ 
trolled. 

Capital. 

Expenses. 

Value of all 

Coal, exclusive of coal 
made into coke. 





products. 

Tons 

(2,000 lbs.). 

Value at 
mines. 

All mines: 








United States... 

6,013 

6,573,186 

4 $1,062,197,083 

2 $395,907,026 

$427,962,464 

326,792,907 

$360,052,340 

MINES WITHOUT COKE 
MANUFACTURE. 








United States. 

5,365 

4,883,967 

i 697,357,137 

301,451,896 

315,894,935 

280,652,040 

315,659,346 

Alabama. 

167 

231,765 

19,632,647 

7,806,117 

8,125,811 

6,515,922 

8,114,565 

Arkansas. 

69 

54,359 

i 2,256,942 

3,630,526 

3,508,590 

2,373,619 

3,508,490 

Colorado. 

140 

65,047 

18,046,592 

9,394,037 

10,208,042 

6,994,756 

10,208,042 

Illinois. 

631 

552,396 

4 75,257,667 

51,697,504 

53,030,545 

50,570,503 

52,999,918 

Indiana. 

322 

140,244 

‘ 35.937,961 

14,906,831 

15,018,123 

14,723,231 

14,984,616 

Iowa. 

311 

70,192 

4 7,212,033 

12,816,076 

12,682,106 

7,725,679 

12,679,225 

Kansas. 

202 

80,459 

4 6,262,203 

9,778,297 ' 

9,835,614 

6,895,660 

9,835,567 

Kentucky. 

299 

332,084 

22,807,715 

9,140,144 

9,006,946 

9,386,178 

9,005,539 

Maryland. 

70 

68,220 

22,871,136 

3,941,359 

4,483,137 

4,001,272 

4,445,041 

Michigan. 

28 

23,135 

6,865,156 

2,985,802 

3,175,102 

1,772,315 

3,175,102 

Missouri. 

220 

116,108 

4 5,650,407 

5,715,727 

5,881,034 

3,596,691 

5,879,972 

North Dakota. 

53 

10,356 

1,023,278 

523,410 

563,212 

364,536 

563,212 

Ohio. 

640 

406,336 

64,131,141 

27,153,497 

27,353,663 

27,518,764 

27,274,403 

Oklahoma. 

104 

75,744 

4 5,672,886 

6,535.441 

6,185,078 

3,113,149 

6,184,420 

Oregon. 

9 

3,122 

642,410 

238,246 

225,026 

83,704 

225,026 

Pennsylvania. 

1,179 

1,338,003 

4 227,746,738 

79,351,941 

85,773,883 

85,103,949 

85,749,052 

Tennessee. 

129 

329,650 

9,830,983 

5,185,588 

5,130,791 

4,657,257 

5,130,791 
3,134,720 

Texas. 

47 

125,774 

5,894,898 

2,812,079 

3,136,004 

1,824,742 

Virginia. 

44 

35,190 

21,846,844 

1,628,096 

1,379,924 

1,490,135 

1,379,924 

Washington. 

51 

83,313 

4 13,040,936 

6,205,090 

8,915,528 

3,496,242 

8,915,528 

West Virginia. 

479 

565,457 

4 77,677,068 

24,327,363 

23,330,421 

27,166,931 

23,330,248 

Wvoming. 

65 

64,783 

4 7,609.229 

8,146,526 

9,721,134 

9,225,221 

6,294,596 

9,721,134 

Ali other states 3 4 . 

106 

112,230 

4 21,210,879 

7,532,199 

4,982,209 

9,214,811 

MINES WITH COKE 
MANUFACTURE. 








United States. 

648 

1,689,219 

364,839,946 

2 94,455,130 

112,067,529 

46,140,867 

44,392,994 

Alabama. 

36 

367,494 

39,969,749 

2 9,062,318 

10,333,622 

2,396,543 

2,662,911 

Colorado. 

15 

27,895 

12,488,341 

2 4,885,458 

5,574,155 

1,991,393 

2,275,494 

Kentucky. 

11 

32,585 

1,892,818 

1.031,805 

996,535 

1,089,789 

915,902 

Pennsylvania. 

330 

335,534 

189,851,892 

2 48,809,122 

61,692,534 

18,425,118 

17.566,627 

Connellsvilledistrict 

238 

116,520 

127,652,905 

34,120,088 

46,908,398 

4 8,622,591 

7,747,190 

Tennessee. 

13 

129,274 

10,498,083 

2 1,673,616 

1,557,663 

920,381 

971,978 

Virginia. 

41 

134,106 

20,490,378 

3,658,824 

3,608,404 

1,546,223 

1,397,041 

Washington. 

3 

5,298 

569,028 

758,544 

328,074 

311,265 

35,263 

70,661 

West Virginia. 

182 

71,125,226 

21,142,396 

23,599,171 

4,394,180 

18.160.306 

16.466,779 

All other states s . 

17 

88,005 

17,764,915 

3,863,517 

1,575,851 

2,065,601 


Coke made at mines. 


Tons 

(2,000 lbs.). 


32,450,482 


32,450,482 


2,883,774 
1,061,868 
38,503 
22,499,706 
20,207,354 

213,759 
1,264,213 
42,980 
3,809,028 
636,651 


Value at 
mines. 


$67,483,162 


67,483,162 


7,670,711 
3,296,590 
80,633 
43,937,062 
39,141,363 

585,685 
2,211,363 
240,604 
7,132,392 
2,328,122 


Num¬ 
ber of 
wage 
earn- 
ers. 

Primary 

horse¬ 

power. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
mining 
ma¬ 
chines. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
com¬ 
pleted 
coke 
ovens. 

569,789 

1,227,401 

13,585 

86,341 

435,414 

910,778 

11,502 


11,721 

18,776 

182 


5,462 

10,508 

12 


10,368 

27,350 

258 


74,445 

166,174 

1,372 


22,357 

45,910 

672 


17,623 

19,118 

7 


12,791 

19,707 

16 


17,935 

38,409 

783 


5,798 

9,845 

39 


3 572 

7,912 

115 


9,526 

11,898 

103 


857 

2,025 

20 


44.405 

97,422 

1,537 


8,814 

26,316 

34 


251 

1,109 

27 


116,074 

238,250 

4.471 


8,470 

11,580 

167 


4,234 

6,217 

11 


3,061 

5; 214 

57 


5,857 

16,252 

18 


36,463 

79,238 

1.387 


7 ,839 

28,071 

121 


7,491 

23,477 

* 93 


134,375 

316,623 

2,083 

86,341 

11,758 

35,308 

118 

8,607 

5,093 

6,735 

1 

3,281 

1,720 

5,905 

124 

374 

68,334 

166,404 

1,254 

49,510 

46,735 

111,192 

470 

42,777 

2,684 

4,495 

24 

1,457 

6,981 

11,416 

55 

5,130 

298 

560 


185 

33,203 

76,338 

503 

15,966 

4,304 

9,462 

4 

1,831 


1 The total includes $18,229,388 which can not be distributed among the individual states. The states to which the item relates are Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana Iowa 
Kansas, Missouri, Montana, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Washington, West Virginia, and Wyoming. See footnote to Capital, Table 62. 

2 The total includes $433,801 cost of coal purchased for coking at mines, made up of $128,176 in Alabama, $261,475 in Colorado, $27,804 in Pennsylvania, and $16,346 in 
Tennessee. 

* Includes California, Georgia, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, and Utah. 

4 There were 30,107,187 tons of coal, valued at $23,015,677, made into coke at mines. 

6 Includes Georgia, Montana, New Mexico, and Utah. 


In round numbers the total quantity of bituminous 
coal produced in 1909 by all mines covered by the 
census was 378,975,000 tons (see Table 2), of which 
376,865,510 tons were produced by the mines covered 


by the table given above (mines with complete re¬ 
ports). Of this quantity, 326,792,907 tons were pro¬ 
duced for shipment or use as fuel, and 50,072,603 tons 
for conversion into coke at the mines, from which 


1 No statistics of mines operated by penal institutions, nor of mines furnishing incomplete reports are included in any table of 
Part III. The product of these mines is included in Tables 2, 4, 5, and 7, Part I. 


( 26 ) 












































































































































BITUMINOUS COAL. 


27 


32,450,482 tons of coke were made. The total value 
of the coal shipped or used as fuel, of the coke made 
at the mines, and of sundry by-products, was 
$427,962,464, and the total expenses reported were 
$395,907,026. Mines with coke manufacture reported 
23.9 per cent of the total expenses and 26.2 per cent 
of the total value of products. Among the states with 
coke made at the mines Pennsylvania, West Virginia, 
and Alabama lead, with 22,499,706 tons of coke, 
valued at $43,937,062; 3,809,028 tons, valued at 

$7,132,392; and 2,883,774 tons, valued at $7,670,711, 
respectively. By far the most important coking region 
is the Connellsville district of Pennsylvania, which 
produced 20,207,354 tons, valued at $39,141,363. 

In the United States as a whole the total ex¬ 
penses reported for mines without coke manufacture 
amounted in 1909 to $301,451,896, and the total value of 
products to $315,894,935, shoving a difference of only 
$14,443,039, or about 5 cents per ton of coal produced. 
In Arkansas, Iowa, Kentucky, Oklahoma, Oregon, 
Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia the expenses 
reported exceeded the value of products. 

For mines with coke manufacture the total reported 
expenses amounted to $94,455,130, and the value of 
products to $112,067,529, showing a difference of 
$17,612,399. In Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and 
Washington the expenses reported by mines of this 
class exceeded the value of products reported. 

These data can not be taken as showing accurately 
the amount of profit or loss in the coal mining indus¬ 
try of the several states, but they do seem to indicate 
clearly that in many states the industry obtains only 


a very low rate of profit, if any. The remarks made 
in the Introduction to this report as to the signifi¬ 
cance of the reported expenses, and particularly 
with reference to the matter of depreciation and of 
development work, should be carefully considered in 
connection with these statistics. While charges for 
permanent improvements not properly assignable to 
the operations of the current year have been included 
in the returns of the mine operators, it is uncertain 
whether the expenses of this character are sufficient 
in general to offset depreciation, for which, as such, 
no charge has been included in the expenses reported. 

Among other reasons why the statistics in this table 
do not furnish conclusive evidence as to profits in the 
coal industry is the fact that a large proportion of the 
coal and coke is produced by mines affiliated with rail¬ 
way companies and other industrial concerns, and 
the value of coal or coke reported by them in many 
cases is fixed at an arbitrary figure which may be 
higher or lower than the current market prices. 

It should also be noted that many mine operators 
make a considerable profit by renting houses and sell¬ 
ing merchandise to their employees. The Bureau of 
the Census corresponded with many operators whose 
returns showed an excess of expenses over the value 
of products, and not a few of them stated that, while 
there was a loss in their coal mining business proper, 
this was more than counterbalanced by profits from 
selling merchandise and renting houses. 

Relative production, by states: 1909.—The relative 
importance of the different states as producers of 
bituminous coal is indicated by the map below. 


RELATIVE PRODUCTION OF BITUMINOUS COAL, BY STATES: 1909. 













28 


COAL MINING. 


Coal mining exclusive of coke manufacture at the 
mines, by states.—In order to present data compar¬ 
able with previous census reports the following table 
has been adjusted to cover coal mining only, by de¬ 
ducting from the figures given in the preceding table 
the estimated capital, expenses, number of salaried 


employees and wage earners, and the reported value 
of products, assignable to the manufacture of coke at 
the mines. Most of these estimates of numbers and 
amounts to be deducted on account of coke manu¬ 
facture were made by the operators themselves, and 
the remainder were made by the Bureau of the Census. 


STATISTICS FOR BITUMINOUS COAL MINES, EXCLUDING (PARTLY BY ESTIMATE) ITEMS RELATING TO COKE 

MANUFACTURE, BY STATES: 1909. 


Table 33 

STATE 

Num¬ 
ber of 
opera¬ 
tors. 

Capital. 

EXPENSES. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
salaried 
employ¬ 
ees. 

Number 
of wage 
earners. 

COAL PRODUCED, INCLUD¬ 
ING COAL COKED AT 
MINES. 

Total. 

Salaries. 

Wages. 

Supplies. 

Royalties. 

Miscella¬ 

neous 

expenses. 

Value, 
including 
minor prod¬ 
ucts. 1 2 * * * 

Tons (2,000 
pounds). 

United States. 

23,503 

3$960,289,465 

$378,159,282 

‘$20,417,392 

$282,378,886 

$45,345,932 

$12,035,900 

‘$17,981,172 

517,793 

542,911 

$401,577,477 

376,865,510 

Alabama. 

112 

43,337,899 

15,361,842 

1,118,008 

10,035,850 

2,165,618 

223,933 

1,818,433 

1,153 

20,914 

16,185,524 

13,676,561 

Arkansas. 

44 

a 2,256,942 

3,630,526 

‘ 166,067 

2,758,127 

362,212 

163,896 

* 180,224 

6 178 

5,462 

3,508,590 

2,373,619 

Colorado. 

86 

25,491,031 

13,159,671 

‘ 662,201 

9,776,702 

1,749,382 

430,136 

‘ 541,250 

M98 

14,447 

14,104,268 

10,642,868 

Illinois. 

470 

3 75,257,667 

51,697,504 

‘2,083,668 

41,991,246 

4,944,371 

744,860 

‘ 1,933,359 

5 1,788 

74,445 

53,030,545 

50,570,503 

Indiana. 

223 

3 35,937,961 

14,906,831 

‘ 604, 111 

12,273,544 

1,198,974 

240,494 

‘ 589,708 

6 550 

22,357 

15,018,123 

14,723,231 

Iowa. 

258 

3 7,212,033 

12,816,076 

‘ 468,169 

10,383,672 

1,330,436 

322,673 

‘311,126 

6 411 

17,623 

12,682,106 

7,725,679 

Kansas. 

118 

3 6,262,203 

9,778,297 

‘ 286,523 

8,106,670 

609,521 

266,545 

‘509,038 

5 300 

12,791 

9,835,614 

6,895,660 

Kentucky. 

240 

24,508,533 

10,127,987 

‘ 787,205 

7,122,056 

1,189,022 

325,239 

‘ 704,465 

6 855 

19,583 

9,9,40,485 

10,561,276 

Maryland. 

40 

22,871,136 

3,941,359 

‘ 222,116 

2,713,294 

408,227 

95,757 

‘501,965 

5 243 

5,798 

4,483,137 

4,001,272 

Michigan. 

15 

6,865,156 

2,985,802 

125,140 

2,267,272 

325,517 

61,555 

206,318 

106 

3,572 

3,175,102 

1,772,315 

Missouri. 

173 

3 5,650,407 

5,715,727 

i 209,230 

4,695,972 

397,068 

160,182 

‘253,275 

5 221 

9,526 

5,881,034 

3,5%, 691 

North Dakota. 

52 

1,023,278 

523,410 

60,069 

357,221 

75,187 

10,647 

20,286 

46 

857 

563,212 

364,536 

Ohio. 

441 

64,131,141 

27,153,497 

‘ 1,367,036 

20,922,039 

2,681,281 

892,398 

‘ 1,290,743 

5 1,220 

44,405 

27,353,663 

27,518,764 

Oklahoma. 

56 

3 5,672,886 

6,535,441 

‘ 302,330 

4,803,392 

912,614 

269,651 

‘247,454 

5 275 

8,814 

6,185,078 

3,113,149 

Oregon. 

8 

642,410 

238,246 

11,714 

152,845 

62,590 

438 

10,659 

11 

251 

225,026 

83,704 

Pennsylvania. 

689 

3 358,698,722 

117,443,350 

‘ 5,427,150 

86,191,515 

15,855,616 

3,950,876 

‘6,018,193 

5 4,716 

168,513 

129,545,547 

137,304,760 

Connellsville dist .. 

76 

78,517,182 

24,966,514 

1,203,489 

17,683,509 

4,043,656 

469,879 

1,565,981 

1,046 

32,715 

30,770,903 

38,729,778 

Tennessee. 

85 

19,471,452 

6,691,482 

547,534 

4,751,419 

665,884 

404,429 

322,216 

535 

10,832 

6,548,515 

5,972,930 

Texas. 

29 

5,894,898 

2,812,079 

‘ 177,103 

2,126,043 

334,867 

36,247 

< 137,819 

5 174 

4,234 

3,136,004 

1,824,742 

Virginia. 

42 

36,189,055 

4,392,440 

278,099 

2,689,685 

685,830 

251,824 

487,002 

243 

8,480 

4,336,185 

4,949,341 

Washington. 

32 

3 13,663,880 

6,474,630 

‘239,502 

4,991,561 

861,700 

103,330 

‘ 278,537 

5 181 

6,094 

9,139,707 

3,601,213 

West Virginia. 

307 

3 136,244,496 

43,024,716 

‘2,742,374 

29,420,055 

5,563,192 

' 2,870,850 

‘2,428,245 

5 2,451 

64,780 

44,344,067 

51,495,666 

Wyoming. 

35 

3 7,609,229 

8,146,526 

‘411,569 

5,808,248 

1,435,465 

104,908 

‘386,336 

5 243 

7,839 

9,721,134 

6,294,596 

All other states 6 . 

84 

3 37,167,662 

10,601,843 

597,118 

8,040,458 

1,531,358 

105,032 

327,877 

5 392 

11,294 

12,634,811 

7,802,434 


1 Value of minor products for the United States was $244,082. 

2 Exclusive of 136 operators duplicated in the numbers given for the various states. 

a The total includes $18,229,388 which can not be distributed among the individual states; the states to which the item relates are Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, 
Kansas, Missouri, Montana, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Washington, West Virginia, and Wyoming. 

‘ The United States total for salaries includes $1,523,356, paid to employees of general offices, which, for the reasons given in the Introduction under “Administrative 
expenses of general offices,” have been included in the statistics of the separate states, not under the heading of “ Salaries,” but under “ Miscellaneous expenses; ” the states 
affected by this arrangement are Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas, Washing¬ 
ton, West Virginia, and Wyoming. 

s The total includes 1,003 salaried employees who could not be distributed by states for the reasons given in the Introduction under “Administrative expenses of 
general offices; ” the states affected are Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Montana, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, 
Texas, Washington, West Virginia, and Wyoming. 

6 Includes California, Georgia, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, and Utah. 


In considering the relation between the total re¬ 
ported expenses, as shown in this table, and the value 
of products, the comments made in connection with 
the preceding table should be borne in mind. More¬ 
over, the fact should be noted that in states where 
some of the mines made coke the amount of ex¬ 
penses shown as attributable to mine operation 
proper involves an element of estimate, while the total 
value assigned to the coal produced by such mines is 
in some cases arbitrary and scarcely in conformity with 
market prices. 

Statistics of different kinds of bituminous coal: 
1909. —The following table summarizes the principal 
statistics for bituminous coal mines classified accord¬ 
ing to the kind of coal produced. Data relating to 
coke manufacture at the mines have been excluded 


in the manner already described, so that the figures 
shown for bituminous proper involve a certain amount 
of estimate. 

[Data relating to coke manufacture at mines excluded, partly by estimate.] 


Table 34 

Bituminous 

proper. 1 

Subbitu- 
minous 
and lignite. 

Semian¬ 

thracite. 

Cannel. 

Number of mines. 

5,769 

183 

49 

12 

Acres of coal land controlled. 

6,431,661 

83,505 

45,467 

12,553 

Owned. 

4,476,148 

52,876 

10,472 

9,916 

Held under lease. 

1.955,513 

30,629 

34,995 

2,637 

Total expenses. 

$365,881,773 

$9,458,880 

$2,581,598 

$237,031 

Average per ton. 

$1.00 

$1.27 

$1.44 

$1.21 

Salaries. 

$18,161,403 

$574,150 

$132,125 

$26,358 

Wages. 

$273,376,688 

$6,945,855 

$1,885,975 

$170,368 

Supplies. 

$43,747,567 

$1,272,802 

$306,945 

$18,618 

Royalties. 

$11,669,891 

$237,321 

$118,011 

$10,677 

Miscellaneous. 

$18,926,224 

$428, 752 

$138,542 

$11,010 

Tons of coal produced (2,000 lbs.). 

$367,417,737 

7,459,426 

1,793,011 

195,336 

Value of coal at mines. 

387,047, 709 

$11,198,868 

$2,831,959 

$254,859 

Average per ton. 

$1.05 

$1.50 

$1.58 

$1.30 

Number of wage earners. 

528, 468 

10,478 

3,569 

396 


> Includes bituminous, semibituminous, splint, and block coal. 






























































































BITUMINOUS COAL. 


29 


The table does not show precisely the tonnage of 
the different kinds of coal, owing to the fact that a 
few companies producing chiefly bituminous coal 
proper, with a small output of other kinds, returned 
one combined report for all their operations. Under 
such conditions it was necessary to include the entire 
production under the heading of bituminous coal 
proper. 

The table shows the marked predominance of the 
bituminous proper, under which heading are also 
included semibituminous, block, and splint coal. 
This type, with the exception of a little semianthra¬ 
cite and cannel coal, includes the entire production 
of the Eastern states. Most of the subbituminous and 
lignite coal is produced in Colorado, Montana, Xew 
Mexico, North Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, 
and Wyoming. More than 24 per cent of the com¬ 
bined output of these states in 1909 was of this class, 
but nearly all of their remaining production was 
bituminous proper. 

The output of semianthracite is restricted by lim¬ 
ited deposits. Nearly the entire production in 1909 
came from Arkansas, such coal constituting more than 
one-half the total output of that state. Small quan¬ 
tities were also produced in Colorado, Oklahoma, Utah, 
and Virginia. Cannel coal occurs only in occasional 
small deposits. Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and 
West Virginia were the chief producing states. 

In considering the statistics in this table as to value 
of coal and expenses the comments in connection with 
the two preceding tables should be borne in mind. 
Furthermore, the variations in average value per ton 

PROGRESS OF 

Comparative statistics, by states: 1909 and 1889.— 

The following table gives comparative statistics of 
capital, total expenses, wages, supplies, and contract 
work, and of the tonnage and value of coal produced in 
1909 and 1889. The figures in this table have been 
adjusted (as explained in connection with Table 6) 
to give comparable statistics for these two years. 
The data for the manufacture of coke at the mines 
have been excluded, partly by estimate, in the manner 
already described. The remarks as to expenses and 
value of coal made in connection with Tables 32 and 
33 should be borne in mind. 

The table shows marked progress in the iudustry in 
the period covered. For the United States as a 


shown by the table do not reflect similar differences 
in the quality of these coals, nor do the variations in 
average expenses conform to corresponding differ¬ 
ences in physical conditions of mining. The average 
values per ton in 1909 were as follows: Semianthra¬ 
cite, SI.58; subbituminous and lignite, SI.50; can¬ 
nel, SI.30; and bituminous proper, $1.05. Semi- 
anthracite and cannel are superior domestic fuels and 
under similar conditions command better prices than 
bituminous proper, but subbituminous and lignite are 
inferior to bituminous proper, and their higher average 
value is due primarily to the fact that these coals are 
produced in Western states where higher prices are 
realized for coal generally than in the eastern fields 
of great bituminous production. In the Western 
states producing both kinds of coal the average value 
per ton for bituminous proper was about SO. 17 more 
than for subbituminous and lignite. 

The average reported expenses per ton are as follows: 
Semianthracite, SI.44; subbituminous and lignite, 
SI.27; cannel, SI.21; and bituminous proper, SI. As 
compared with bituminous proper, the higher averages 
for semianthracite and cannel may be due to natural 
conditions of mining; that is, the working of t hinn er 
measures, justified by the higher prices which can be 
realized for these coals; but the higher average ex¬ 
pense shown for subbituminous and lignite is due not 
to any such conditions as these, but to the uniformly 
higher cost of production in the West as compared 
with the East. In the Western states concerned the 
average expense for bituminous proper was SO. 17 per 
ton higher than for subbituminous and lignite. 

HE INDUSTRY. 

whole, the output increased 294.1 per cent and its 
value 325.4 per cent. At the same time, the total 
expenses increased 343.2 per cent, the wage payments 
330.6 per cent, and the cost of supplies 467.2 per cent. 

Among the states showing an increase in output 
exceeding 500 per cent, namely, Arkansas, Michigan, 
North Dakota, Texas, and West Virginia, the latter 
is the only one which is an important coal pro¬ 
ducer. In the other states named coal mining was 
in an incipient stage 20 years ago. The greatest 
absolute increase in output is found in Pennsylvania, 
101,100,000 tons (in round numbers); in West Vir¬ 
ginia, 45,300,000 tons; in Illinois, 38,500,000 tons; 
and in Ohio, 17,500,000 tons. 








30 


COAL MINING. 

COMPARATIVE STATISTICS FOR BITUMINOUS COAL MINES, BY STATES: 1909 AND 1889 

\Data relating to coke manufacture at mines excluded, partly by estimate.] 


Table 35 




EXPENSES. 


COAL PRODUCED (INCLUD¬ 
ING COAL COKED AT MINES). 


PER 

CENT OF 

INCREASE. 


STATE. 

Census. 

Capital. 




Contract 

work. 1 * 

Tons (2,000 
pounds). 

Value at 
mines. 

Capi¬ 

tal. 

Expenses. 

Coal 

produced. 




Total. 

Wages. 

Supplies. 

Total. 

Wages. 

Sup¬ 

plies. 

Tons. 

Value. 

at 

mines. 

United States... 

1909 

1889 

2*960,289,465 

180,722,319 

$378,159,282 

85,324,193 

*282,378,886 
65,572,242 

*45,345,932 

7,994,210 

*2,134,569 

822,051 

376,865,510 
95,629,026 

*401.333,395 
94,346,809 

431.4 

343.2 

330.6 

467.2 

294.1 

325.4 

Alabama. 

1909 

1889 

43,337,899 

12,535,194 

15,361,842 

3,726,939 

10,035,850 
3,063,059 

2,165,618 

261,512 

751,384 

36.524 

13,676,561 
3,572,983 

16.174,278 
3,961,491 

245.7 

312.2 

227.6 

728.1 

282.8 

308.3 

Arkansas. 

1909 

1889 

3 2,256.942 
1,289,751 

3,630,526 
308,711 

2,758,127 
239,385 

362,212 
39,158 

26,511 

2,373,619 
279,584 

3,508,490 

395,836 

( 3 ) 

1,076.0 

1,052.2 

825.0 

749.0 

786.3 

Colorado. 

1909 

1889 

25,491,031 

12,611,849 

13,159,671 

3,695,298 

9,776,702 
2,553,850 

1,749,382 
490,152 

9,139 

91,689 

10,642,868 
2,544,144 

14.104,268 
3,843,992 

102.1 

256.1 

282.8 

256.9 

318.3 

266.9 

Illinois. 

1909 

1889 

2 75,257,667 
17,630,351 

51,697,504 
10,366,069 

41,991,246 

8,111,253 

4,944,371 
966,927 

51,480 

26,662 

50,570,503 
12,104,272 

52,999,918 
11,755,203 

( 3 ) 

398.7 

417.7 

411.3 

317.8 

350.9 

Indiana. 

1909 

1889 

2 35,937,961 
3,435,703 

14,906,831 
2,581,669 

12,273,544 

2.045,641 

1,198,974 
241,094 

10,674 
5,807 

14,723,231 
2,845,057 

14,984,616 
2,887,852 

( 3 ) 

477.4 

500.0 

397.3 

417.5 

418.9 

Iowa. 

1909 

1889 

2 7,212,033 
6,279,179 

12,816,076 
4,732,950 

10,383,672 
3,701,331 

1,330,436 
357,033 

38,266 
65,194 

7,725,679 
4,095,358 

12,679,225 
5,426,509 

( 3 ) 

170.8 

180.5 

272.6 

88.6 

133.7 

Kansas * . 

1909 

1889 

2 6,262,203 
3,488,539 

9,778,297 
2,730,782 

8,106,670 
2,169,137 

609,521 
262,820 

49,793 
6,330 

6,895,660 
2.222,443 

9,835,567 

3,301,788 

( 3 ) 

258.1 

273.7 

131.9 

210.3 

197.9 

Kentucky. 

1909 

1889 

24,508,533 

6,581,380 

10,127,987 
2,156,548 

7,122,056 

1,584,400 

1.189,022 

237,321 

86,660 

45,099 

10,561,276 
2,399,755 

9,939,078 
2,374,339 

272.4 

369.6 

349.5 

401.0 

340.1 

318.6 

Maryland. 

1909 

1889 

22,871,136 
18,025,367 

3,941,359 
2,061,058 

2,713,294 
1.668,847 

408,227 
203,155 

1,653 

5,763 

4,001,272 
2,939,715 

4,445,041 
2,517,474 

26.9 

91.2 

62.6 

100.9 

36.1 

76.6 

Michigan. 

1909 

1889 

6,865,156 
49,650 

2,985,802 
113,714 

2,267,272 
85,158 

325,517 

9,085 

2,203 

1,772,315 
67,431 

3,175,102 
115,011 

13,727.1 

2,525.7 

2,562.4 

3,483.0 

2,528.3 

2,660.7 

Missouri. 

1909 

1889 

2 5,650,407 
3,992,293 

5,715,727 
2,846,137 

4,695,972 
2,363,300 

397,068 

181,218 

23,903 
18,779 

3,596,691 
2,557,823 

5,879,972 
3,479,057 

( 3 ) 

100.8 

98.7 

119.1 

40.6 

69.0 

North Dakota. 

1909 

1889 

1,023,278 

66,580 

523,410 
21,740 

357,221 
14,664 

75,187 
2,900 

1,325 

364,536 
- 28,907 

563,212 

41,431 

1,436.9 

2,307.6 

2,336.0 

2,492.7 

1,161.1 

1,259.4 

Ohio. 

1909 

1889 

64,131,141 
14,018,236 

27,153,497 
8,232,183 

20,922,039 
6,482,215 

2,681,281 
568,020 

52,854 
58,767 

27,518,764 
9,976,787 

27,274,403 

9,355,400 

357.5 

229.8 

222.8 

372.0 

175.8 

191.5 

Oklahoma. 

1909 

1889 

2 5,672,886 
1,492,009 

6,535,441 
1,172,821 

4,803,392 
899,592 

912,614 
53,404 

22,266 
20,000 

3,113,149 
752,832 

6,184,420 
1,323,807 

( 3 ) 

457.2 

434.0 

1,608.9 

313.5 

367.2 

Pennsylvania. 

1909 

1889 

2 358,698,722 
53,322,330 

117,443,350 
25,977,106 

86,191,515 
19,686,240 

15,855,616 
2,393,386 

769,234 
282,222 

137,304,760 
36,174,089 

129,512,680 
27,953.315 

(«). 

352.1 

337.8 

562.5 

279.6 

363.3 

Tennessee. 

1909 

1889 

19,471,452 
4,362,711 

6,691,482 
2,113.292 

4,751,419 
1,490,034 

665,884 

271,390 

6,036 
13,324 

5,972.930 
1,925,689 

6,548,515 
2,338,309 

346.3 

216.6 

218.9 

145.4 

210.2 

180.1 

Texas. 

1909 

1889 

5, 894,898 
307,335 

2,812,079 
324,157 

2,126,043 
242,762 

334,867 
54,333 

21,214 

1,824,742 
128,216 

3,134,720 
340,620 

1,818.1 

767.5 

775.8 

516.3 

1,323.2 

820.3 

Virginia. 

1909 

1889 

36,189,055 

1,055,516 

4,392,440 
682,408 

2,689,685 
589,236 

685,830 
46.754 

114,453 
932 

4,949,341 
865, 786 

4,336.185 
804,475 

3,328.6 

543.7 

356.5 

1,366.9 

471.7 

439.0 

Washington. 

* 

1909 

1889 

2 13,663,880 
3,186,441 

6,474,630 
2,254,486 

4,991,561 
1,637,960 

861,700 
287,211 

10,162 
9,296 

3,601,213 

1,030,578 

9,139,707 

2,393,238 

( 3 ) 

187.2 

204.7 

200.0 

249.4 

281.9 

W r est Virginia. 

1909 

1889 

2 136,244,496 
10,508,050 

43,024,716 
4,841,796 

29,420,055 
3,592,292 

5,563,192 

462,591 

62,279 
47,099 

51,495,666 
6,231,880 

44,343,894 
5,086,584 

( 3 ) 

788.6 

719.0 

1,102.6 

726.3 

771.8 

Wyoming. 

1909 

1889 

2 7,609,229 
2,239,252 

8,146,526 
1,823,956 

5.808,248 
1,511,117 

1,435,465 

224,804 

10,644 

7,881 

6,294,596 
1,388,947 

9,721,134 
1,748,617 

( 3 ) 

346.6 

284.4 

538.5 

353.2 

455.9 

All other states *... 

1909 

1889 

2 37,810,072 
4,244,603 

10,840,089 
2,560,373 

8,193,303 
1,840,769 

1,593,948 
379,942 

12,436 
80,683 

7,886,138 
1,496,750 

12,848,970 
2,902,461 

790.8 

323.4 

345.1 

319.5 

426.9 

342.7 


1 A small amount of contract work reported from the general offices of a few companies with mines in more than one state could not be distributed as such to the 
various states and has been omitted from the total given for this item in 1909. However, since the amount so omitted was less than 3 per cent of the total shown, this omis¬ 
sion does not materially affect the value of the figures for comparative purposes. 

J The total for 1909 includes *18,229,388 which can not be distributed among the individual states; the item relates to Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, 
Missouri, Montana, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Washington, West Virginia, and Wyoming. The increase in the combined capital for these states was 530.6 per cent. 

3 See Note 2. 

* Includes Nebraska in 1889. 

‘Includes California, Georgia, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, and Utahin 1909; California, Georgia, Montana, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, and 
Utah in 1889. 













































































BITUMINOUS COAL 


31 


Table 36, derived from the preceding table, shows 
average expenses and average values per ton, by 
states, for 1909 and 1889. 

In several states the average value per ton de¬ 
creased, notably in Texas, where the average fell 
from $2.66 per ton in 1889 to SI.72 in 1909, but dur¬ 
ing the same period the average wage cost decreased 
from SI.89 to SI. 17 per ton and the cost of supplies 
from $0.42 to SO. 18 per ton. In Colorado, the value 


decreased from SI.51 per ton in 1889 to SI.33 in 1909. 
the wage cost decreased from SI to SO.92 and the cost 
of supplies from SO.19 to SO.16 per ton. The de¬ 
crease in average wage payments per ton and the ac¬ 
companying decrease in average cost and value per 
ton in these Western states are probably due in part 
to the greater scale of production now prevailing, and 
in part to the relatively greater supply of labor now 
available for coal mining. 


Table 36 


STATE. 


United States 

Alabama. 

Arkansas. 

Colorado. 

Illinois. 

Indiana. 

Iowa. 

Kansas 1 . 

Kentucky. 

Maryland. 

Michigan. 

Missouri. 


AVERAGE EXPENSES PER TON. 

AVERAGE 
VALUE PER 


AVERAGE EXPENSES PER TON. 

AVERAGE 
VALUE PER 

Total. 

Wages. 

Supplies. 

TON OF 
COAL. 

STATE. 

Total. 

Wages. 

Supplies. 

TON OF 
COAL. 

1909 

1889 

1909 

1889 

1909 

1SS9 

1909 

18S9 


1909 

1889 

1909 

1889 

1909 

1889 

1909 

1889 

81.00 

80.89 

80.75 

80.69 

80.12 

80.08 

81.06 

$0.99 

North Dakota. 

•51.44 

$0.75 

$0.98 

$0.51 

$0.21 

$0.10 

81.55 

$1.43 

1.12 

1.04 

0.73 

0.86 

0.16 

0.07 

1.18 

1. 11 

Ohio. 

0.99 

0.83 

0. 76 

0.65 

0.10 

0.06 

0.99 

0.94 

1.53 

1.10 

1.16 

0.86 

0.15 

0.14 

1.48 

1.42 

Oklahoma. 

2.10 

1.56 

1.54 

1.19 

0.29 

0.07 

1.99 

1.76 

1.24 

1. 45 

0.92 

1.00 

0.16 

0.19 

1.33 

1.51 

Pennsylvania. 

0.86 

0.72 

0.63 

0.54 

0.12 

0.07 

0.94 

0.77 

1.02 

0.86 

0.83 

0.67 

0.10 

o.os 

1.05 

0.97 

Tennessee. 

1.12 

1.10 

0.80 

0.77 

0.11 

0.14 

1.10 

1.21 

1.01 

0.91 

0.83 

0. 72 

0.08 

0.08 

1.02 

1.02 

Texas. 

1.54 

2.53 

1.17 

1.89 

0.18 

0.42 

1. 72 

2.66 

1.66 

1 . 16 

1.34 

0.90 

0.17 

0.09 

1.64 

1.53 

Virginia. 

Washington. 

0.89 

0. 79 

0.54 

0.68 

0.14 

0.05 

0.88 

0.93 

1.42 

1.23 

1. 18 

0.98 

0.09 

0.12 

1.43 

1.49 

1.80 

2.19 

1.39 

1.59 

0.24 

0.28 

2.54 

2.32 

0.96 

0.90 

0.67 

0.66 

0.11 

0.10 

0.94 

0.99 

West Virginia. 

0.84 

0.78 

0.57 

0.58 

0.11 

0.07 

0.86 

0.82 

0.99 

0. 70 

0.68 

0.57 

0.10 

0.07 

1 . 11 

0.S6 

W voming. 

1.29 

1.31 

0.92 

1.09 

0.23 

0.16 

1.54 

1.26 

1.68 
1.59 

1.69 

1 . 11 

1.28 

1.31 

1.26 
0.92 

0.18 
0.11 

0.13 
0.07 

1.79 

1.63 

1.71 

1.36 

All other state's 1 . 

1.37 

1.71 

1.04 

1.23 

0.20 

0.25 

1.63 

1.94 


1 Includes Nebraska in 1889. 

1 Includes California, Georgia, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, and Utah in 1909; California. Georgia, Montana, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, and 
Utah in 1889. 

STATISTICS OF LAND HELD BY OPERATORS. 


Extent of holdings. —While a few of the 3,503 oper¬ 
ators of the mines covered by the general tables failed 
to report their land holdings, 3,456 of these operators 
reported 6,573,186 acres of coal land and 1,144,429 
acres of other land, making a total for the entire 
United States of 7,717,615 acres controlled. The 
average holding of coal land per operator was about 


1.900 acres, but excluding small local mines from con¬ 
sideration, the average for commercial producers was 
about 2,700 acres. The great variations in the extent 
of the holdings of single operators are shown by Tables 
14 and 50. The following table gives, by states, the 
acreage of coal land owned and held under lease by 
operators, respectively, with percentages: 


COAL LAND CONTROLLED BY OPERATORS OF BITUMINOUS COAL MINES; 1909. 


Table 37 


ACRES OF COAL LAND CONNECTED WITH— 


PER CENT OF COAL LAND CONNECTED WITH— 


STATE. 

All mines. 

Mines without coke 
manufacture. 

Mines with coke 
manufacture. 

All mines. 

Mines without 
coke 

manufacture. 

Mines with 
coke 

manufacture. 

Total. 

Owned. 

Held 

under 

lease. 

Total. 

Owned. 

Held 

under 

lease. 

Total. 

Owned. 

Held 

under 

lease. 

Owned. 

Held 

under 

lease. 

Owned. 

Held 

under 

lease. 

Owned. 

Held 

under 

lease 

■United States.... 

6.573,186 

4.549,412 

2,023,774 

4,883,967 

3,225,778 

1,658,189 

1.689,219 

1,323,634 

365,585 

69.2 

30.8 

66.0 

34.0 

78.4 

21.6 

Alabama. 

599.259 

o25.3oo 

73,904 

231,765 

160.261 

71,504 

367.494 

365.094 

2.400 

87.7 

12.3 

69.1 

30.9 

99.3 

0.7 


54,359 

23.885 

30,474 

54.359 

23.88.5 

30,474 




43.9 

56.1 

43.9 

56.1 



Colorado. 

92,942 

65.101 

27,841 

65.047 

41,226 

23.821 

27,895 

23,875 

4,020 

70.0 

30.0 

63.4 

36.6 

85.6 

14.4 


552.396 

395.965 

156,431 

552.396 

395,965 

156.431 




71.7 

28.3 

71.7 

28.3 




140,244 

103,910 

36,334 

140,244 

103,910 

36,334 




74.1 

25.9 

74.1 

25.9 




70,192 

20,152 

50,040 

70,192 

20,152 

50,040 




28.7 

71.3 

28.7 

71.3 




80.459 

53,340 

27,119 

80,459 

53.340 

27,119 




66.3 

33.7 

66.3 

33.7 




364.669 

247,006 

117,663 

332,084 

214,421 

117.663 

32,585 

32,585 


67.7 

32.3 

64.6 

35.4 

100.0 



68.220 

63,596 

4.624 

68,220 

63,596 

4.624 




93.2 

6.8 

93.2 

6.8 




23.135 

3,696 

19,439 

23.135 

3,696 

19,439 




16.0 

84.0 

16.0 

84.0 




116,108 


45.303 

116.10S 

70.805 

45.303 




61.0 

39.0 

61.0 

39.0 




10.356 

7,971 

2,385 

10,356 

7,971 

2.385 




77.0 

23.0 


23.0 




406 336 

260,423 

145,913 

406.336 

260,423 

145.913 




64.1 

35.9 

64.1 

35.9 





910 

74.834 


910 

74.834 




1.2 

98.8 

1.2 

98.8 




3,122 

1,452 

1,670 

3,122 

1.452 

1.670 




46.5 

53.5 

46.5 

53.5 



Pennsylvania. 

1,673,537 

1,321,981 

351,556 

1.338,003 

1,050,246 

287,757 

335,534 

271,735 

63.799 

79.0 

21.0 

78.5 

21.5 

81.0 

19.0 


116 520 

98 228 

18.292 




116,520 

98.228 

18.292 

84.3 

15.7 



84.3 

15.7 

Tennessee. 

458!924 

353,954 

104,970 

329,650 

232,680 

96,970 

129.274 

121,274 

8,000 

77.1 

22.9 

70.6 

29.4 

93.8 

6.2 


125 774 

104,513 

21,261 

125,774 

104,513 

21.261 




83.1 

16.9 

83.1 

16.9 



Virginia. 

169^296 1 

85,217 

84,079 

35,190 

11,353 

23,837 

134,106 

73,864 

60,242 

50.3 

49.7 

32.3 

67.7 

55.1 

44.9 

Washington.. 

88.611 

67,635 

20,976 

83,313 

66.295 

17,018 

5,298 

1,340 

3,958 

76.3 

23.7 

79.6 

20.4 

25.3 

74.7 

West Virginia. 

1,134,485 

583,263 

551,222 

565.457 

215,401 

350,056 

569,028 

367.862 

201,166 

51.4 

48.6 

38.1 

61.9 

64.6 

35.4 


fi4 783 

50.024 

14,759 

64,783 

50,024 

14,759 





22.8 

77.2 

22.8 



All other states’. 

200l235 

139,258 

60,977 

112,230 

73! 253 

38,977 

88.005 

66,005 

22.000 

69.5 

30.5 

65.3 

34.7 

75.0 

25.0 


i Excludes the acreage of a few mines without coke manufacture in order to avoid disclosing individual operations. 
* Includes California, Georgia, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, and Utah. 



















































































































































































32 


COAL MINING. 


In the United States as a whole, 69.2 per cent of the 
coal land reported in 1909 was owned by the oper¬ 
ators, while 30.8 per cent was held under lease. For 
mines without coke manufacture, 66 per cent was 
owned by operators, as compared with 78.4 per cent 
for mines with coke manufacture. This difference is 
due chiefly to the fact that the latter group includes 
many large companies with ample capital to permit the 
purchase of land. (See remarks following Table 49.) 

The marked differences among the states with re¬ 
spect to the proportion of land owned and of land 
leased by mine operators can be attributed only to 
varying local conditions. 

Production according to tenure of land, by states: 

1909.—The following table gives, by states, the num- 


owned land. This is shown by the amount of roy¬ 
alties reported by these operators as paid on coal taken 
from leased tracts, which indicates that the coal mined 
from such lands was somewhat less than half the total 
production of these mines. (See Tables 33 and 55.) 
Consequently, of the total coal output of the United 
States in 1909, it may be said that between 60 and 
65 per cent was mined from lands owned by the oper¬ 
ators, while between 35 and 40 per cent was produced 
from leased holdings. 

The table indicates that mines operated on land 
owned were usually larger than those operated on 
land held under lease by operators. In the United 
States, as a whole, the average output per mine for 
these two classes of mines was, respectively, 74,000 


ber of mines reported operated on land owned, on 
land held under lease, and on land partly owned and 
partly held under lease, together with the total out¬ 
put for each class of mines: 


Table 38 

STATE. 

NUMBER OF MINES 
OPERATED ON LAND— 

TOTAL TONS (2.000 POUNDS) OF COAL 
PRODUCED BY MINES OPERATED ON 
COAL LAND — 

Owned. 

Held 

under 

lease. 

Partly 

owned 

and 

partly 

held' 

under 

lease. 

Owned. 

Held 

under 

lease. 

Partly 
owned and 
partly 
held 
under 
lease. 

United States.. 

2,220 

2,410 

1,383 

' 165,161.940 

2 82,800,403 

8 128,903,167 

Alabama. 

109 

63 

31 

10,360,417 

1,639,539 

1,676,605 

Arkansas. 

19 

35 

15 

1,178,105 

550,642 

644,872 

Colorado. 

48 

54 

53 

1,999,949 

1,660,106 

6,982,813 

Illinois. 

237 

256 

138 

26,638,767 

5,940,057 

17,991,679 

Indiana. 

147 

115 

60 

7,220,506 

2,506,029 

4,996,696 

Iowa. 

57 

178 

76 

1,408,230 

2,365,695 

3,951,754 

Kansas. 

56 

121 

25 

3,185,115 

1,868,893 

1,841,652 

Kentucky. 

144 

121 

45 

5,597,607 

3,056,051 

1,907,618 

Maryland. 

42 

17 

11 

2,910,850 

341,265 

749,157 

Michigan. 

3 

2 

23 

9,987 

( 4 ) 

8 1,762,328 

Missouri. 

To 

113 

32 

1,179,523 

1,065,589 

1,351,579 

Montana. 

42 

12 

11 

1,287,913 

282,190 

973,280 

New Mexico. 

18 

3 

7 

1,652,254 

32,690 

1,089,968 

North Dakota. 

44 

9 


330,305 

34,231 


Ohio. 

260 

225 

155 

12,473,327 

4,022,418 

11,023,019 

Oklahoma. 

6 

94 

4 

50,394 

2,906,888 

155,867 

Oregon. 

4 

3 

2 

29,067 

( 6 ) 

7 54,637 

Pennsylvania. 

587 

471 

451 

64,782,860 

21,400,517 

51,121,383 

Tennessee. 

38 

75 

29 

2,002,475 

3,043,900 

926,555 

Texas. 

28 

11 

8 

1,282,486 

383,663 

158,593 

Utah. 

21 

1 


i 2,259,789 

(8) 


Virginia. 

10 

54 

21 

147,896 

2,761,667 

2,039,778 

Washington. 

25 

10 

19 

2,470,080 

138,244 

992,889 

West Virginia. 

157 

352 

152 

11,008,781 

26,111,412 

14,375,473 

Wyoming. 

35 

15 

15 

3,470,907 

688,717 

2,134,972 

Ali other states 9 .... 

8 



224,350 










1 Includes tonnage of 1 mine operated on coal land held under lease, to avoid 
disclosing individual operations. 

2 Excludes 112,553 tons produced by 6 mines operated on coal land held under 
lease, to avoid disclosing output of individual operators. 

8 Includes tonnage of 5 mines operated on coal land held under lease. 

4 See Note 5. 

6 Includes tonnage of 2 mines operated on coal land held under lease. 

6 See Note 7. 

7 1ncludes tonnage of 3 mines operated on coal land held under lease. 

8 See Note 1. 

9 Includes California, Georgia, and Idaho. 


Of the total production covered by the table, 
namely, 376,865,510 tons, 165,161,940 tons, or 43.8 
per cent, was that of mines on land wholly owned by 
the operators; 82,800,403 tons, or 22 per cent, that of 
mines on land wholly leased; and 128,903,167 tons, or 
34.2 per cent, that of mines on lands partly owned and 
partly leased by the operators. Although mines of 
the latter class did not report what part of the output 
came from owned and what part from leased land, it 
is probable that the greater portion was taken from 


and 34,000 tons, while in Illinois these averages were 
112,000 and 23,000 tons, in Ohio 48,000 and 18,000 
tons, and in Pennsylvania 110,000 and 45,000 tons, 
respectively. This difference in size, however, is due 
not to the form of tenure, but to the fact that con¬ 
cerns able to purchase large holdings of coal lands 
outright usually have the capital also to open large 
mines. 

Comparative statistics of holdings, by states: 1909 
and 1889.—Table 39 shows, by states, the number of 
acres of land owned and the number held under lease 
by operators, for 1889 and 1909. 

Inasmuch as the returns for 1889 did not distin¬ 
guish between coal land and other land held by oper¬ 
ators, it has been necessary, in order to present com¬ 
parable data for 1909, to include not only coal land, 
but all land controlled by operators. However, more 
than 85 per cent of the acreage reported in 1909 was 
coal land, and much of the remainder is underlaid with 
coal measures which may eventually prove workable. 


Table 39 coal and other land controlled. 


STATE. 

Total acres. 

Acres owned. 

Acres held 
under lease. 

1909 

1889 

Per 
cent 
of in¬ 
crease. 

1909 

1889 

1909 

1889 

United States... 

7,717,615 

1,526,933 

405.4 

5,635,243 

1,141,011 

2,082,372 

385,922 

Alabama. 

776,244 

222,749 

248.5 

701,790 

216,129 

74,454 

6,620 

Arkansas. 

54,686 

17,064 

220.5 

24,137 

15,969 

30,549 

1,095 

Colorado. 

113,036 

73,789 

54.0 

84,915 

53,529 

28,721 

20,260 

Illinois. 

5S5,366 

191,740 

205.3 

424,739 

161,468 

160,627 

30,272 

Indiana. 

155,576 

24,808 

527.1 

117,619 

15,785 

37,957 

9,023 

Iowa. 

77,796 

38,682 

101.1 

26,771 

24,239 

51,025 

14,443 

Kansas 1 . 

83,869 

40,016 

109.6 

56,205 

36,077 

27,664 

3,939 

Kentucky. 

399,846 

128,100 

212.1 

280,053 

106,622 

119,793 

21,478 

Maryland. 

92,814 

50,520 

83.7 

88,129 

48,100 

4,685 

2,420 

Michigan. 

25,661 

622 

4,025.6 

6,222 

142 

19,439 

480 

Missouri. 

119,822 

35,917 

233. 6 

74,519 

24,276 

45,303 

11,641 

Montana. 

54,335 

9,510 

471.3 

44,098 

9,110 

10,237 

400 

New Mexico. 

294,318 

11,280 

2,509.2 

240,124 

10,480 

54,194 

800 

North Dakota. 

14,695 

520 

2,726.0 

12,300 

520 

2,395 


Ohio. 

432,204 

104,898 

312.0 

283;439 

66,697 

148,765 

38,201 

Oklahoma. 

82,504 

14,766 

458.7 

910 


81,594 

14, 766 

Pennsylvania. 

1,965,568 

230,836 

751.5 

1,604,753 

132,811 

360,815 

98,025 

Tennessee. 

661,507 

133,912 

394.0 

548,247 

78,289 

113,260 

55,623 

Texas. 

130,063 

4,780 

2,621.0 

108,132 

1,000 

21,931 

3,780 

Utah. 

27,541 

5,910 

366.0 

27,341 

5,910 

200 


Virginia. 

170;479 

17', 690 

863.7 

86,282 

13', 900 

84,197 

3,790 

Washington. 

98,167 

23,198 

323.2 

76,271 

20,322 

21,896 

2,876 

West Virginia. 

1,176,860 

107,521 

994.5 

611,023 

61,531 

565,837 

45,990 

Wyoming. 

70,908 

13,360 

430. 7 

55,744 

13,360 

15,164 


All otherstates 2 ... 

53,150 

24,745 

114.8 

51,480 

24; 745 

1,670 



1 Includes Nebraska in 1889. 

2 Includes California, Georgia, Idaho, and Oregon in 1909; California, Georgia, 
Oregon, and North Carolina in 18S9. 


















































































































BITUMINOUS COAL. 


33 


The table shows a remarkable increase in the total 
acreage of lands controlled by mine operators between 
1889 and 1909. For the entire United States this in¬ 
crease was more than 400 per cent, and for many indi¬ 
vidual states it was much greater. This increase is due 
chiefly to the great development of the industry in 
these 20 years, but may in part indicate an increased 
practice of securing reserve lands for the future. 


While, for the United States as a whole, the total 
acreage held under lease has increased but little more 
rapidly than the total acreage owned by operators, in 
a good many important states, notably Alabama, Illi¬ 
nois, Kentucky, and West Virginia, the area leased by 
operators increased far more than the acreage owned. 
In a few states, for example, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsyl¬ 
vania, and Tennessee, the opposite was the case. 


MINES CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE RELATION OF TOTAL EXPENSES TO VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 


According to the relation of expenses to the value 
of products the coal mining enterprises reporting at 
the census of 1909 were classified as explained in the 


text following Table 40. The table gives, by states, 
for 1909 the number and output of mines in “ Class A,” 
“Class B,” and “Class C.” 


[See text below for explanation of classification.] 


Table 40 


NUMBER OF MINES. 


TONS OF COAL PRODUCED BY MINES (2,000 POUNDS). 


STATE. 

Class 

A. 

Class 

B. 

Class 

C. 

Class A. 

Class B. 

Class C. 

Per cent produced 
by mines. 

Class A. 

Class B. 

Class C. 

Per cent produced 
by mines. 

• Class 
A. 

Class 

B. 

Class 

C. 

Class 

A. 

Class 

B. 

Class 

C. 

All mines: 
















United States. 

4,088 

983 

942 

> 282,866,545 

2 54,037,376 

39,961,589 

2 75.1 

2 14.3 

10.6 

28,075,777 

2,303,892 

2,070,813 

86.5 

7.1 

6.4 

MINES WITHOUT COKE 
















MANUFACTURE. 

















3,571 

899 

895 

i 201,685,134 

2 44,935,390 

34,031,516 

2 71.9 

2 16.0 

12t 1 





















109 

28 

30 

5,057,083 

829,316 

629,523 

77.6 

12.7 

Q 7 








32 

19 

18 

1,075,722 

889; 034 

408;863 

45.3 

37 5 

17 ? 








94 

12 

34 

4,832,791 

426;035 

1,735,930 

69.1 

6 1 

24 8 








408 

140 

83 

32,382,469 

12,194,725 

5, 993', 309 

64.0 

24 1 

11 9 








224 

54 

44 

8,684,863 

3,429,569 

2; 608; 799 

59.0 

23.3 

17 7 








236 

30 

45 

4,558,946 

960,501 

2,206,232 

59.0 

12.4 

28 6 








125 

58 

19 

4,390,216 

2,005,829 

'499; 615 

63.7 

29.1 

7 2 








169 

64 

66 

5,893,522 

1,745,465 

1,747; 191 

62.8 

18.6 

18 6 








62 

2 

6 

3 3,874,534 

(<) 

126;738 

< 96.8 

(<) 

3.2 








18 


10 

1,144,916 

627,399 

64.6 

35 4 








168 

25 

27 

1,775,001 

855,662 

966,028 

49.4 

23.8 

26 9 








39 

1 

13 

8 289,251 

( 6 ) 

75;285 

6 79.3 

(«) 

20.7 








451 

116 

73 

18,342,526 

7,083,559 

2,092,679 

66.7 

25.7 

7.6 








42 

33 

29 

1,454,089 

i;002;020 

657,040 

46.7 

32.2 

21 1 








5 


4 

30j 512 

53;192 

36.5 


63.5 








873 

165 

141 

71,269,885 

7,422,550 

6,411,514 

83.7 

8.7 

7.5 








62 

27 

40 

3,123,127 

636,365 

897;765 

67.1 

13.7 

19.3 








28 

7 

12 

1,456;156 

178;581 

190;005 

79.8 

9.8 

10.4 








19 

12 

13 

990; 602 

13< 039 

365', 494 

66.5 

9.0 

24.5 








29 


22 

3,054,624 

441,618 

87.4 


12.6 








260 

100 

119 

17,863', 418 

4,927,035 

4,376;478 

65.8 

18.1 

16.1 








51 

4 

10 

5,896,150 

'215; 105 

183;341 

93.7 

3.4 

2.9 








67 

2 

37 

3 4,244,731 

(0 

737', 478 

« 85.2 

(<) 

14.8 







MINES WITH COKE 














MANUFACTURE. 
















United States. 

517 

84 

47 

81,181,411 

9,101,986 

5,930,073 

84.4 

9.5 

6.2 

28,075,777 

2,303,892 

2,070.813 

86.5 

7.1 

6.4 


15 



3,648,112 



100.0 



1,061,868 



100.0 



Pennsylvania. 

284 

25 

21 

46;509;334 

4,186,128 

1,505,349 

89.1 

8.0 

2.9 

20,515; 361 

1,263,595 

720,750 

91.2 

5.6 

3.2 

Connellsville district. 

220 

5 

1.3 

37,389,151 

348,927 

991,700 

96.5 

0.9 

2.6 

19,388,382 

226,274 

592,698 

96.0 

1.1 

2.9 

West Virginia. 

151 

21 

10 

20,935,504 

2,020,853 

1,372,378 

86.1 

8.3 

5.6 

3,133,341 

417,607 

258,080 

82.3 

11.0 

6.8 

All other states 8 . 

67 

38 

1*6 

10,088,461 

2,895,005 

3,052,346 

62.9 

18.1 

19.0 

3,365,207 

622,690 

1,091,983 

66.2 

12.3 

21.5 


TONS OF COKE MADE AT MINES (2,000 POUNDS). 


1 Includes tonnage of 5 “ Class B ” mines. 

2 See Note 1. 

* Includes tonnage of 2 “ Class B ” mines. 


« See Note 3. 

8 Includes tbnnage of 1 “Class B’’ mine. 
6 See Note 5. 


7 Includes California, Georgia, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, and Utah, 
s Includes Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Montana, New Mexico, Tennessee, 
Utah, Virginia, and Washington. 


The foregoing classification was made as follows: 
First, whenever a report showed an excess of value of 
products over all reported expenditures, including ex¬ 
penses of operation and outlays for development work 
(if any), the enterprise was placed in “Class A.” Sec¬ 
ond, whenever a report showed expenditures greater 
than the value of products, and no expenses were re¬ 
ported for development work, the enterprise was placed 


in “Class B.” In all cases where there was doubt as to 
the accuracy of such a report the operator’s attention 
was called to the fact that it showed an excess of ex¬ 
penses overvalue of products, a verification or correction 
was requested, and the enterprise covered by the report 
was then classified in accordance with the reply re¬ 
ceived. Third, those reports which showed an excess 
of expenditures over value of products, but stated that 




























































































































34 


COAL MINING. 


a part of the expenditures were for development work, 
were placed in “Class C,” no attempt being made, on 
account of the uncertainty as to the significance of 
the expenditure for development work, to determine 
whether the strictly operating expenses exceeded the 
value of products obtained or not. In each case the 
expenses and value of products of the coke business, 
where conducted in connection with mining, were taken 
into account in making the classification. 

In considering this classification the discussion in 
the Introduction regarding the difference between the 
expenses of mining as reported and the true cost of 
mining as determined by scientific methods of account¬ 
ing, together with the remarks in connection with 
Table 32 should be borne in mind. With a proper 
allowance for depreciation some mines reporting a 
value of product in excess of the expenses reported 
might have been operated at a loss. On the other 
hand, some mine operators who lost on their mining 
business recouped themselves by profits from operat¬ 
ing stores, renting houses, and from other nonmining 
business not covered by the returns. 

Of the 6,013 mines covered by Table 40 it appears 
that 4,088, producing about three-fourths of the total 


coal output, were in “Class A;” that is, their value of 
products exceeded their expenses as reported. Marked 
differences appear from state to state. In Maryland 
and Wyoming more than 90 per cent of the total coal 
output was produced by such mines, in Pennsylvania 
and Washington more than 85 per cent, and in Colo¬ 
rado, Texas, and West Virginia more than 75 per cent. 
On the other hand, in Arkansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, 
and Oregon less than half the tonnage produced was 
reported by mines at which the value of products ex¬ 
ceeded the total reported expenses, but in Arkansas 
and Oklahoma there was some duplication of the ex¬ 
penses reported which may have materially affected 
this classification. (See remarks preceding Table 51.) 

In general, a greater proportion of the mines oper¬ 
ated in combination with coke manufacture are found 
in “Class A” than of the mines without coke ovens. 
Many of these coke-making mines operated under 
peculiarly favorable conditions. The majority were 
closely affiliated with large consumers of coke, and 
were thus enabled to operate more regularly and on a 
larger scale, while the output was doubtless often 
charged to the parent companies at values more or less 
Independent of market prices. 


METHODS OF MINE OPERATION. 


Pick and machine mining. —In some mines practi¬ 
cally the entire output of coal is machine mined, in 
others the entire output is pick mined, while in many 
the output is partly machine and partly pick mined. 


The following table gives the total quantity and 
percentage of coal produced by machine and by pick 
mining in different states, and Table 53 gives additional 
data relating to this subject. 


OUTPUT OF BITUMINOUS COAL MINES CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO METHOD OF MINING, BY STATES: 1909. 


Table 41 


STATE. 


United States. 

Alabama. 

Arkansas. 

Colorado. 

Illinois. 

Indiana. 

Iowa. 

Kansas. 

Kentucky. 

Maryland. 

Michigan. 

Missouri. 

North Dakota.... 

Ohio. 

Oklahoma. 

Oregon. 

Pennsylvania.... 
Connellsv i 11 e 
district 1 .... 

Tennessee. 

Texas. 

Virginia. 

Washington. 

West Virginia_ 

Wyoming. 

All other states 8 . 


TONS (2,000 POUNDS) OF COAL PRODUCED AT— 


All mines. 


Total. 


376,865,510 

13,676,561 
2,373,619 
10,642,868 
50,570,503 
14,723,231 

7,725,679 
6,895,660 
10,561,276 
4,001,272 
1,772,315 

3,596,691 
364,536 
27,518,764 
3,113,149 
83,704 

137,304,760 

38,729,778 
5,972,930 
1,824,742 
4,949,341 

3,601,213 

51,495,666 

6,294.596 

7,802.434 


By 

machine. 


144,775,410 

2,295,500 

4,444 

2,046,645 

18.140,591 

7,450,091 

8,414 

54,976 

6,494,960 

117,568 

628.211 

798,878 

164,365 

22,112,063 

50,811 

22,000 

57,574,954 

4,065,186 

1,024,398 

17,230 

1,439,811 

48.690 

20,945,819 

1,391,101 

1,943,890 


By pick. 


232.090,100 

11,381,061 

2,369,175 

8,596,223 

32,429,912 

7,273,140 

7,717,265 

6,840,684 

4,066,316 

3.883,704 

1,144,104 

2,797,813 
200,171 
5,406,701 
3,062,338 
61,704 

79,729,806 

34,664,592 
4,948,532 
1,807,512 
3,509,530 

3,552,523 
30,549,847 
4,903,495 
5,858,544 


Mines without coke manufacture. 


Total. 


280,652,040 

6.515,922 

2,373.619 

6,994,756 

50,570,503 

14,723,231 

7,725,679 
6,895,660 
9.386,178 
4,001,272 
1,772,315 

3,596,691 

364,536 

27.518,764 

3.113,149 

83,704 

85,103,949 


4,657,257 

1,824,742 

1,490.135 

3,496,242 

27,166,931 

6,294.596 

4,982.209 


By 

machine. 


122,881,301 

1,151,808 

4,444 

2,046,645 

18,140,591 

7,450,091 

8,414 

54.976 

5,512,263 

117,568 

628,211 

798,878 

164,365 

22,112,063 

50.811 

22,000 

46,873,329 


944,599 

17.230 

616,076 

48,690 
13,871,026 
1,391,101 
856.122 


By pick. 


157,770,739 

5,364,114 

2,369.175 

4,948,111 

32,429.912 

7,273,140 

7,717,265 
6,840,684 
3,873,915 
3,883,704 

1,144,104 

2,797,813 

200,171 

5,406,701 

3,062,338 

61.704 

38,230,620 


3,712,658 

1,807,512 

874,059 

3,447,552 

13,295,905 

4,903.495 

4.126,087 


Mines with coke manufacture. 


Total. 


96,213,470 

7,160,639 
3,648, ii2 


1,175,098 


52,200,811 

38,729,778 

1.315,673 


3,459,206 

104,971 

24,328,735 


2,820,225 


By 

machine. 


21,894,109 

1,143,692 


74,319,361 

6,016,947 
3," 648,112 


982,697 


10,701,625 

4,065,186 

79,799 


823,735 


7,074,793 
i,'087,768 


By pick. 


192,401 


By 

ma¬ 

chine. 


41,499,186 

34,664,592 
1,235,874 ; 


2,635,471 

104,971 

17,253,942 


1.732,457 


PER CENT OF COAL PRODUCED AT- 


All mines. 


38.4 

16.8 

0.2 

19.2 

35.9 

50.6 

0.1 

0.8 

61.5 
2.9 

35.4 

22.2 

45.1 

80.4 
1.6 

26.3 

41.9 

10.5 

17.2 
0.9 

29.1 

1.4 

40.7 

22.1 

24.9 


?y 

picls 


61.6 

83.2 

99.8 

80.8 

64.1 

49.4 

99.9 

99.2 

38.5 

97.1 

64.6 

77.8 

54.9 

19.6 

98.4 

73.7 

58.1 

89.5 

82.8 

99.1 

70.9 

98.6 

59.3 

77.9 

75.1 


Mines 
without 
coke manu¬ 
facture. 

Mines with 
coke manu¬ 
facture. 

By 

ma¬ 

chine. 

By 

pick. 

By 

ma¬ 

chine. 

By 

pick. 

#6.8 

56.2 

22.8 

77.2 

17.7 

82.3 

16.0 

84.0 

0.2 

99.8 



29.3 

70.7 


100.0 

35.9 

64.1 



50. 6 

49. 4 



0.1 

99.9 

, 


0.8 

99.2 



58.7 

41.3 

83.6 

16.4 

2.9 

97.1 



35.4 

64.6 



22.2 

77.8 



45.1 

54.9 



80.4 

19.6 



1.6 

98.4 



26.3 

73.7 



55.1 

44.9 

20.5 

79.5 



10. 5 

89.5 

20.3 

79.7 

6.1 

93.9 

0.9 

99.1 



41.3 

58.7 

23.8 

76.2 

1.4 

98.6 


100.0 

51.1 

48.9 

29.1 

70.9 

22.1 

77.9 



17.2 

82.8 

38.6 

61.4 


1 Exclusive of the tonnage of a few mines without coke manufacture in order to avoid disclosing individual operations. 
3 Includes California, Georgia, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, and Utah. 





































































































BITUMINOUS COAL. 


35 


Although in some mines the condition of the roof and 
floor, and the structure of the coal measure itself may 
seriously affect, or even prevent the use of machines 
for undercutting and shearing coal, this is not the case 
in most mines now operating; and, speaking broadly, 
it may be said that the use of machines generally indi¬ 
cates more advanced and more efficient methods of 
mine operation. 

While this table shows that 38.4 per cent of the total 
coal output of the Lnited States in 1909 was machine 
mined, great differences appear from state to state. In 
Ohio 80.4 per cent, in Kentucky 61.5 per cent, and in 
Indiana 50.6 per cent of all coal was mined by machines. 
Although Pennsylvania shows the greatest absolute 
tonnage mined by machines, only 41.9 per cent of the 
state’s tot.al coal output was thus produced. In 
Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, and Texas the proportion 
mined by machines was insignificant. 

As a group the mines with coke ovens show only 
22.8 per cent of then’ production machine mined, as 
compared with 43.8 per cent for the mines without 
coke manufacture. In the important Connellsvifle 
coke district of Pennsylvania only 10.5 per cent of the 
output of coal was machine mined, as compared with 
55.1 per cent for the Pennsylvania mines without coke 
manufacture. This difference in the use of machines 
between mines with and those without coke manufac¬ 
ture is partly accounted for by the fact that mines 
which market a large part of their output of coal in 
the form of coke—including the less remunerative 
“slack”—are thereby often rendered less urgently in 

OUTPUT OF BITUMINOUS COAL MINES CLASSIFIED 


need of introducing machines to lower operating costs 
and to decrease the percentage of “slack” produced, 
than are those mines which must market their entire 
output of coal as such, including the “slack.” 

Kind of mine opening.—Coal is produced from four 
general types of mine openings: Vertical shafts, slopes, 
horizontal or upward sloping drifts, and open cuts or 
strippings. Some mines have openings of two or more 
kinds. To some extent mine operation is affected by 
the kind of opening. For example, many drift mines 
of commercial importance are operated without the 
use of mechanical power, but no shaft mine thus 
operated can produce any considerable tonnage. 
Scores of drifts are self-draining, but in slope and shaft 
mines pumps are used to keep the workings clear of 
water. The initial cost of opening drifts is less than 
that for shafts, since the drift starts at once in the coal, 
while the shaft must first be sunk some distance 
through rock or other material. Since drifts open coal 
measures which have been partially eroded, and which 
outcrop along hill or mountain sides, the quantity of 
coal winch can be mined through such an opening is 
often limited, and this may affect the size of the mine, 
but the size of slope or shaft mines may be less limited 
in this manner. Open cuts or strippings are quarries 
rather than true mines, since the entire overburden is 
removed before the coal is taken out. 

The following table gives for various states the total 
quantity and percentage of coal produced from differ¬ 
ent openings, and Table 54 gives additional informa¬ 
tion relating to this subject. 

ACCORDING TO KIND OF OPENING, BY STATES: 1909. 


Table 42 

STATE. 


TONS (2,000 POUNDS) OF 

COAL PRODUCED BY — 


PER CENT FROM— 

All mines. 

Shaft mines. 

Slope mines. 

Drift mines. 

Open cuts 
or 

strippings. 

Mines with 
opening not 
specified or 
with two or 
more kinds. 

Shaft 

mines. 

Slope 

mines. 

Drift 

mines. 

Open 
cuts or 
strip¬ 
pings. 

Mines with 
opening not 
specified or 
with two or 
more kinds. 

United States. 

376,865,510 

1 132,128,764 

62,959,748 

156,855,362 

2 291,578 

8 24,630,058 

35.1 

16.7 

41.6 

0.1 

6.5 

Arlran«VLS.. 

2,373,619 

1,368,386 

883,595 



4 121,638 

57.7 

37.2 



5.1 

Colorado. 

10| 642^ 868 

2, 45l', 078 


2,647,616 


479,818 

23.0 


24.9 



Illinois. 

50.570,503 

48i 780^105 

540,393 

'529,564 

70,570 

649; 871 

96.5 

1.1 

1.0 

0.1 

1.3 

Indiana. 

14,723,231 

13,732,135 

307,604 

95,638 

20,825 

567,029 

93.3 

2.1 

0.6 

0.1 

3.9 

Iowa. 

7,725,679 

5,737,697 

224,484 

81,246 


4 1,682,252 

74.3 

2.9 

1.0 


21.8 


6,895,660 

6,670,924 

51,631 


93,342 

79,763 

96.7 

0.7 


1.4 

1.2 


10' 561'276 

2,470, 286 

2,035,391 

5,189,910 

4 865;689 

23.4 

19.3 

49.1 


8.2 


L772;315 

5 1,772, 315 


100.0 




Missouri . 

3,596,691 

2, 890,940 

232,213 

219,657 

58,256 

195,625 

80.4 

6.5 

6.1 

1.6 

5.4 

Montana T - T . 

2,543,383 

197,757 

1,134,171 

1,073,766 


137,689 

7.8 

44.6 

42.2 


5.4 


2 , 774, 912 

L 818; 382 

901,566 


<s 54,964 


65.5 

32.5 


2.0 


27,518,764 

7,816,286 

3,556,732 

14,390; 513 


1,755;233 

28.4 

12.9 

52.3 


6.4 

Oklahoma. 

3,113,149 

i; 294; 103 

1,412,634 

20; 443 

27,320 

358,649 

41.6 

45.4 

0.7 

0.9 

11.5 

Pennsylvania . 

137,304,760 

31,237,388 

27,595,960 

70,117,374 


8,354,038 

22.8 

20.1 

51.1 


6.1 


Si 972i 930 

'522,528 

5,169,325 


« 281,077 


8.7 

86.5 


4.7 

Texas _ . 

i; 824^ 742 

1,408,924 

276,823 



i3s ;995 

77.2 

15.2 



7.6 


4; 949,341 

114,291 

3,906,467 


7 928,583 


2.3 

78.9 


18.8 


3,601,213 


2,420,581 

681,997 


4 498,635 


67.2 

18.9 


13.9 


5i; 495; 666 

3,867,076 

2 ;395,423 

44,700,542 


532;625 

7.5 

4. 7 

86.8 


1.0 



4,149, 128 

1,390,536 


8 754;932 


65.9 

22.1 


12.0 

All other states 8 . 

20; 610; 212 

433,364 

8,223,428 

5; 739; 202 

21,265 

6,192,953 

2.1 

39.9 

27.8 

0.1 

30.0 


1 Includes the product of 1 slope mine and excludes 460,268 tons, the product of 5 shaft mines, in order that individual operations might not be disclosed. 

* Excludes 17,834 tons, the product of 4 open cut mines, in order that individual operations might not be disclosed. 

8 Includes 460,286 tons, the product of 5 shaft mines, and 17,834 tons, the product of 4 open cut mines, in order that individual operations might not be disclosed. 
4 Includes the product of 1 open cut mine. 

* Includes the product of 1 slope mine. 

6 Includes the product of 1 shaft mine. 

7 Includes the product of 2 shaft mines. 

8 Includes Alabama, California, Georgia, Idaho, Maryland, North Dakota, Oregon, and Utah. 































































































36 


COAL MINING. 


In the United States as a whole drift mines have 
the greatest output, 41.6 per cent of the total, in 1909, 
shaft mines following with 35.1 per cent, and slope 
mines with 16.7 per cent. Drift mines are especially 
numerous in the Appalachian fields. Ohio, Pennsyl¬ 
vania, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, each 
reported more than 50 per cent of its output produced 
from such openings, and these states together reported 
nearly 90 per cent of all the coal mined from drifts 
in the United States. The predominance of drifts in 
these states is explained by the fact that in the Appa¬ 
lachian region immense deposits of coal have been cut 
through in all directions by streams, while the measures 
are but little displaced from the horizontal, and conse¬ 
quently there are thousands of miles of outcrops on 
which drift mines may be opened. 

Shaft mines characterize the states of the Eastern 
and Northern Interior and of the Western and South¬ 
western Interior regions. Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, 
Kansas, Michigan, Missouri, and Texas, each reported 
more than 70 per cent of its output produced from 
such mines. In these states the coal measures 
generally lie at some distance below the surface, out¬ 
crops are few, and shafts are necessary for extensive 
development. The greater part of the small tonnage 
of open cuts or strippings was also produced in these 
states. These open cuts or strippings are made along 

DISPOSITION 

A small part of the coal produced is used at the 
mines for steam and heat, a part is made into coke at 
the mines, a small part is sold locally, and the remainder 
is either used in the vicinity of the mines by the pro¬ 
ducing concerns in other departments of their business 
(manufacturing, transportation, etc.) or is shipped from 
the mines for such use or for sale. The following table 
gives, by states, the percentages disposed of in the four 
different ways above outlined. The absolute quantities 
appear in Table 62. 

In the United States in 1909, 81.7 per cent of the 
total bituminous coal output was shipped from the 
mines for sale or was used as fuel in other depart¬ 
ments by producers, 13.3 per cent was coked at the 
mines, and the remaining 5 per cent was either sold 
locally or used at the mines for steam and heat. For 
mines at which no coke was made 94.4 per cent was 
shipped away for sale or was used as fuel in other 
departments by the producers. For the mines at 


the outcrop of the coal, or where it lies near the sur¬ 
face, and the overburden is removed until its thickness 
limits the stripping. Although but a small aggregate 
tonnage was thus obtained in 1909, there is consider¬ 
able coal available in many fields for such operations. 

Slope mines are of two general types: Those which 
open on the outcrop of a pitching vein and follow 
the incline of the deposit, and those which first 
go through more or less rock and earth to reach a 
deposit which may be approximately horizontal. 
Slope mines of the first type are found chiefly in the 
Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast states, where many 
coal measures with the inclosing strata have been 
much disturbed by folding and displacement. Slope 
mines of the second type are scattered through many 
states, slopes often taking the place of shafts where 
the distance to the underlying bed is not great. 

The quantity of coal entered in the sixth column 
includes not only the output of mines the reports for 
which failed to specify the kind of opening, but also 
the production of such individual mines as have two 
or more openings of different kinds, and that of 
operators with several mines of different types cov¬ 
ered by one combined report. The states included 
among “All other states” were those in which the 
proportion not specified was too large to justify sepa¬ 
rate presentation of the figures for the several classes. 

OF COAL. 

which coke was manufactured 44.8 per cent of the 
output was disposed of similarly and 52 per cent was 
coked. Considerable variations appear among the 
states with reference to the disposition of coal by 
mines of this class. In the Connellsville district of 
Pennsylvania 77.7 per cent of the entire output of 
mines having coke ovens was coked at the mines and 
much of the remainder was coked elsewhere. On 
the other hand, in Kentucky, where coke manufac¬ 
turing was merely incidental, in 1909, but 7.3 per cent 
of the output of mines with ovens was coked. 

The table shows that of the total output of bitumi¬ 
nous coal 2.5 per cent was burned at the mines for 
steam and heat. With the single exception of Ore¬ 
gon the variation from state to state in the percentage 
thus used was not large. The unusual proportion thus 
consumed in Oregon is accounted for by the fact 
that a considerable tonnage of refuse from washing 
coal for market was burned under the boilers. 




BITUMINOUS COAL. 

BITUMINOUS COAL MINES—DISPOSITION OF OUTPUT, BY STATES: 1909. 


37 


Table 43 


STATE. 


United States. 

Alabama. 

Arkansas. 

Colorado. 

Illinois. 

Indiana. 

Iowa. 

Kansas. 

Kentucky. 

Maryland. 

Michigan. 

Missouri. 

North Dakota. 

Ohio. 

Oklahoma. 

Oregon. 

Pennsylvania. 

Connellsville district 1 

Tennessee. 

Texas. 

Virginia. 

Washington. 

West Virginia. 

Wyoming. 

All other states 2 . 


PER CENT OF TOTAL TONS OF OUTPUT FROM— 


All mines. 

Mines without coke manu¬ 
facture. 

Mines with coke manufacture. 

Loaded at 




Loaded at 



Loaded at 




mines for 




mines for 



mines for 




shipment 



Used at 

shipment 


Used at 

shipment 



Used at 

or used 

Sold 


mines for 

or used 

Sold 

mines for 

or used 

Sold 

into cuke 

mines for 

in other 

locally. 

illl/U LUKL 

steam 

in other 

locally. 

steam 

in other 

locally. 


steam 

depart- 



and heat. 

depart- 


and heat. 

depart- 


m wiiiics. 

and heat. 

ments by 




ments by 



ments bv 




producers. 




producers. 



producers. 




81.7 

2.5 

13.3 

2.5 

94.4 

3.1 

2.5 

44.8 

0.8 

52.0 

2.4 

60.2 

L0 

34.8 

3.9 

94.3 

1.8 

3.9 

29.2 

0.3 

66.5 

3.9 

95.6 

0.6 


3. 8 

95. 6 

0. 6 

3.8 





79.0 

2.3 

15.6 

3. 1 

93.4 

3.4 

3.2 

51.3 

0-4 

45.4 

2.9 

92.2 

5.0 


2. 9 

92. 2 

5.0 

2.9 





91.6 

5.5 


2.9 

91.6 

5.5 

2. 9 





88.5 

8.8 


2. 7 

88.5 

- 8.8 

2. 7 





95.4 

2.5 


2.1 

95. 4 

2.5 

2.1 





92.9 

3.8 

0.8 

2.5 

93.9 

4.0 

2.1 

85.4 

1.9 

7.3 

5.4 

97.9 

0.9 


1 2 

97.9 

0. 9 

1. 2 





90.9 

5.1 


4.0 

90.9 

5.1 

4.0 





90.0 

8.2 


1.8 

90. 0 

8.2 

v 1.8 





66.6 

30.0 


3.4 

66. 6 

30.0 

3.4 





95.1 

2.7 


2. 2 

95.1 

2. 7 

2. 2 





92.5 

1.4 


6.1 

92. 5 

1.4 

6.1 





52.9 

26.4 


20. 7 

52.9 

26.4 

20. 7 





71.7 

1.5 

24.6 

2.2 

95.9 

2.0 

2.1 

32.3 

0.8 

64.7 

2.2 

19.3 

0.8 

77. 7 

2.2 




19.3 

0.8 

77.7 

2.2 

90.4 

1.3 

6.6 

1.7 

97.3 

1.2 

1.5 

66.0 

1.6 

30.0 

2.4 

97.0 

0.3 


2. 6 

97.0 

0.3 

2.6 





56.6 

1.0 

38.7 

3.7 

96.5 

1.5 

2.1 

39.5 

0.8 

55.3 

4.4 

92.5 

1.6 

1.9 

4.0 

94.4 

1.6 

4.0 

29.5 

0.6 

66.4 

3.5 

85. 1 

1. 1 

12.0 

1.8 

96.9 

1.4 

1.7 

71.9 

0.9 

25.4 

1.9 

94.4 

1. 1 


4. 5 

94. 4 

1. 1 

4.5 





78.9 

2.0 

15.9 

3.2 

93.1 

2.8 

4. 1 

53.7 

0.5 

44.1 

1.6 


1 Exclusive of a few mines without coke manufacture, omitted t’o avoid disclosing individual operations. 

2 Includes California, Georgia, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, and Utah. 


STATISTICS OF COMMERCIAL AND OF LOCAL OPERATORS. 


The census of bituminous coal mines covered all 
operations with an output of 1,000 tons or more in 
1909. Particular interest attaches to the statistics 
of producers for the general trade, who may be called 
commercial producers, as distinguished from local 
operators (shipping no coal, but catering entirely to 
local demand). Separate statistics for these two classes 
of operators for the United States as a whole are sum¬ 
marized in the following table. The commercial mines 
of course include many which do not produce prima¬ 
rily for sale in the open market, but whose product is 
largely used by railroads or industrial concerns con¬ 
trolling the mines. 

While the table shows a total of 1,084 operators sell¬ 
ing their entire output locally, it must be remembered 
that hundreds of such operators were not covered by 
the census because their output fell below 1,000 ton's. 
These 1,084 operators constituted nearly one-third of 
the total number reporting and operated nearly one- 
fifth of all the mines covered, but their output, aggre¬ 
gating 3,678,000 tons, was only a fraction of the total 
for the industry. 


Table 44 

All 

operators. 

LOCAL OPERATORS. 

COMMERCIAL 

OPERATORS. 

Amount or 
number. 

Per 

cent 

of 

total. 

Amount or 
number. 

Per 

cent 

of 

total. 

Number of operators. 

3.503 

i 1,084 

30.9 

2,419 

69.1 

Number of mines. 

6.013 

1,131 

18.8 

4,882 

81.2 

Acres of land controlled.... 

7,717,615 

151,211 

2.0 

7,566,404 

98.0 

Total expenses. 

8395,907,026 

$4,632,372 

1.2 

$391,274,654 

98.8 

Exclusive of coking ex- 






penses (partly esti- 






mated). 

8378,159,282 

$4,632,372 

1.2 

1573,526,910 

98.8 

Average per ton of coal. 

81.00 

$1.26 


$1.00 


Products, total value. 

8427,962,464 

$5,490,440 

1.3 

$422,472,024 

98.7 

Coal, exclusive of coal 






coked at mines— 






Tons (2,000 pounds).... 

326,792,907 

3,678,320 

1.1 

323,114,587 

98.9 

Value at mines. 

$360,052,340 

$5,490,440 

1.5 

$354,561,900 

98.5 

Coke made at mines— 






Tons (2,000 pounds).... 

32,450,482 



32,450,482 

100.0 

Value... 

$67,483,162 



$67|483,162 

100.0 

Coal, including coal 




coked at mines— 






Tons (2,000 pounds).... 

376,865,510 

3,678,320 

1.0 

373,187,190 

99.0 

Value. 

$401,333,395 

$5,490,440 

1.4 

$395,842,955 

98.6 

Average per ton.. 

$1.06 

$1.49 


$1.06 


Number of proprietors and 




firm members. 

3,739 

1,601 

42.8 

2.138 

57.2 

Number of wage earners ... 

569,789 

9,072 

1.6 

560,717 

98.4 


1 These operators were distributed among the several states, as follows: Ala¬ 
bama, 9; Arkansas, 1; California, 1; Colorado, 22; Idaho, 2; Illinois, 186; Indiana, 121; 
Iowa, 140; Kansas, 12; Kentucky, 49; Maryland, 11; Michigan, 3; Missouri, 58; Mon¬ 
tana, 12; New Mexico, 2; North Dakota, 32; Ohio, 179; Oklahoma, 3; Oregon, 4; 
Pennsylvania, 191; Utah, 5; Virginia, 5; Washington, 2; West Virginia, 23; and- 
Wyoming, 11. 


















































































































38 


COAL MINING. 


The average expense of mine operation of these local 
producers was reported as $1.26 per ton, as compared 
with $1 per ton for the commercial mines (excluding 
coking expenses); but the true cost of production of 
these small operators was even higher than the figure 
given, since many proprietors and partners, performed 
services, sometimes manual labor, at then' mines for 
which no charges were included in the expenses re¬ 


ported. These partners and proprietors looked to the 
profits of the business for their compensation, but in 
arriving at the average expenses of production, allow¬ 
ance should be made for these services. The relatively 
high average value per ton of coal reported for these 
mines, $1.49, as compared with $1.06 for the com¬ 
mercial operations, is explained by the fact that much 
of their output was retailed. 


STATISTICS OF OPERATORS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR INDUSTRIAL AFFILIATION. 


The following table gives statistics for operators 
in 1909 affiliated with railroads, with iron and steel 
companies, and with other industrial companies, and 
for operators without such affiliations, respectively. 
In order to render these figures fairly comparable, 
the operators selling only in local markets—small 
irregular producers—have been eliminated from the 
statistics of the unaffiliated group, leaving in this 
class only commercial operators. The classification 
throughout has been based on official information. 1 
When this information was not conclusive the oper¬ 
ator was classified as unaffiliated. Accordingly* the 
actual number of affiliated operators is probably 
somewhat larger than shown by the table. 

The relatively great importance of the operators 
affiliated with railroads and industrial concerns is 
shown by this table. Such affiliated operators in 1909 
held nearly one-half the total acreage of lands re¬ 
ported by all commercial operators and produced more 
than two-fifths of the total coal output and more than 
three-fourths of the coke made at mines. The average 
output per operator for the unaffiliated operators was 
less than 100,000 tons, as compared with more than 
1,800,000 tons for operators affiliated with railroad 
companies, nearly 1,300,000 tons for those affiliated 
with iron and steel companies, and more than 300,000 
tons for those affiliated with other industrial compa¬ 
nies. On the average, the individual mines of oper¬ 
ators affiliated with railroad and industrial companies 
were also much larger than those of unaffiliated com¬ 
mercial operators. 

Of the total tonnage of coke made at the mines in 
1909, more than half was reported by operators affil¬ 
iated with iron and steel companies. This showing 
is to be expected, since such concerns are the chief 


consumers of coke, and their coal mines are operated 
mainly to furnish this fuel. Nearly 60 per cent of the 
total coal output of this group was coked at the mines 
and a considerable part of the remaining tonnage was 
coked by the parent companies after shipment to blast 
furnaces. As a class, the unaffiliated operators did not 
coke any considerable proportion of their coal at the 
mines; in the aggregate they used less than 6 per cent 
of their total output in making coke. Of course 
many of these operators were mining noncoking coals. 


Table 45 


OPERATORS AFFILIATED WITH — 

Unaffiliated 

commercial 

operators. 


Total. 

Railroad 

companies. 

Iron and 
steel 

companies. 

Other 

industrial 

companies. 

Number of operators.. 

2,419 

33 

36 

131 

2,219 

Number of mines. 

Acres of coal and other 

4,882 

430 

252 

455 

3,745 

land controlled- 1 ... 

7,585,797 

1,513,384 

1,401,618 

715,651 

3,955,244 

Per cent of total. 

Total expenses (includ¬ 
ing expenses of coke 
manufacture at 

100.0 

20.0 

18.5 

9.4 

52.1 

mines) 2 . 

Number of wage earn- 

$391,274,654 

$65,626,550 

$47,203,171 

$47,226,716 

$231,218,217 

ers. 

Coal produced for use 
or sale as fuel: 

560,717 

93,692 

62,806 

63,490 

340,729 

Tons (2,000 pounds). 

323,114,587 

57,162,39? 

19,291,173 

38,968,588 

207,692,434 

$223,757,915 

Value at mines 3 . 

Coke made at mines: 

$354,805,982 

$68,695,501 

$20,317,073 

$42,035,493 

Tons (2,000 pounds). 

32,450,482 

2,392,428 

17,842,486 

4,120,871 
$8,595,538 

8,094,697 
$15,123,896 

Value a t mines 4 . 

Coal produced, includ¬ 
ing coal coked at 
mines: 

$67,666,042 

$5,256,579 

$38,690,029 

Tons (2,000 pounds). 

373,187,190 

60,815,091 

46,587,216 

45,376,419 

220,408,464 

Per cent of total... 

100.0 

16.3 

12.5 

12.2 

59.1 

Value at mines 3 . 

Average tons pro- 

$396,087,037 

$71,781,217 

$42,633,998 

$47,715,279 

$233,956,543 

duced per operator. 
Average tons pro- 

154,273 

1,842,882 

1,294,089 

346,385 

99,728 

99,328 

duced per mine... 

76,441 

141,430 

184,870 

58,854 


1 Includes duplication of 19,393 acres sublet by operators to each other. 

2 Includes $405,997, cost of coal purchased for coking at mines by operators affili¬ 
ated with iron and steel companies, and $27,804 by operators affiliated with other 
industrial companies. 

3 Includes a small value of other products. 

4 Includes value of by-products. 

3 Includes a small value of other products but not that of coke. 


SCALE OF PRODUCTION. 


The scale of production prevailing in the bituminous 
coal mining industry is considered in two aspects: 
First, that of the individual mine, and, second, that of 
the operator. 

Size of mines: 1909. —The size of bituminous mines 
varies widely. The annual output ranges from a few 
hundred tons in the case of some local “banks” to a 

1 For detailed explanation of the method of making this classifi¬ 
cation see remarks in connection with Table 11. 


half million tons and more for the largest mines. The 
census did not cover mines with less than 1,000 tons 
of output in 1909. Mines producing 500,000 tons or 
more were relatively few, those exceeding 250,000 
tons were much more numerous, while hundreds 
mined more than 100,000 tons; but by far the great 
majority were of smaller size. 

Table 46 shows the average output per mine in 
1909, by states. 

























BITUMINOUS COAL. 


39 


Table 46 


AVERAGE OUTPUT OF COAL PER 
MINE (TONS OF 2,000 POUNDS). 


STATE. 


United States. 

Alabama. 

Arkansas. 

Colorado. 

Illinois. 

Indiana. 

Iowa. 

Kansas. 

Kentucky. 

Maryland. 

Michigan. 

Missouri. 

North Dakota. 

Ohio. 

Oklahoma. 

Oregon. 

Pennsylvania. 

Connellsville district 1 

Tennessee. 

Texas. 

Virginia. 

Washington. 

West Virginia. 

W yoming. 

All other states 2 . 


All mines. 

Mines 

without 

coke 

manufac¬ 

ture. 

Mines with 
coke manu¬ 
facture. 

62,675 

52,312 

148,478 

67,372 

39,017 

198,907 

34,400 

34,400 


68,664 

49,963 

243,207 

80,143 

80,143 


45,724 

45,724 


24, 841 

24,841 


34,137 

34,137 


34,069 

31,392 

106,827 

57,161 

57,161 


63.297 

63,297 


16,349 

16,349 


6,878 

6,878 


42,998 

42,998 


29,934 

29,934 


9,300 

9,300 


90,991 

72.1S3 

158,184 

162,730 


162,730 

42,063 

36,103 

101,206 

38,824 

38,824 

. 

58,228 

33,867 

84,371 

66.689 

68,554 

34,990 

77.906 

56,716 

133,674 

96,840 

96,840 


63,434 

47,002 

165,896 


1 Exclusive of a few mines without coke manufacture, omitted to avoid disclos¬ 
ing individual operations. 

2 Includes California, Georgia, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, and Utah. 

From this table it appears that for the United 
States, as a whole, the average output of all bitu¬ 
minous mines covered by the census in 1909 was 
62,675 tons, but if the small local mines are excluded, 
the average for commercial mines was about 76,000 


tons. (See Table 44.) Wyoming showed the highest 
average output per mine, followed by Pennsylvania 
and Illinois, while the output per mine in North 
Dakota and Oregon was much lower than in any of 
the other states separately named. 

As a group the mines with coke manufacture pro¬ 
duced on the average nearly three times as much coal 
per mine as those without coke manufacture, while 
the coke-making mines in Colorado had a greater 
average output per mine than the mines of either class 
in any of the other states listed in the table. 

Although the size of mines may be determined by 
many conditions, the character of the deposit worked, 
the capital available, the market for the product, and 
the presence or absence of affiliation with railroads 
or industrial concerns are highly important factors. 

Classification of operators according to value of 
products: 1909. —Table 12 classifies the organizations 
operating bituminous mines according to the value of 
products reported. Tables 47, 48, 49, and 50 show how 
the size of these organizations is affected, first, by the 
the industrial affiliation of operators, and second, by 
the presence or absence of coke manufacture at the 
mines. “Commercial” operators, in the sense used in 
Table 47 and elsewhere, are those producing coal for 
general markets; “local” operators, those producing 
only for local consumption. 


Table 47 

VALUE OF ALL PRODUCTS PER 
OPERATOR. 

ALL OPERATORS. 

OPERATORS AFFILIATED WITH RAIL¬ 
ROADS ANDINDUSTRLAL CONCERNS. 

UNAFFILIATED COMMERCIAL 
OPERATORS. 

UNAFFILIATED LOCAL 
OPERATORS. 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Value of all 
products. 

Operators. 

Value of all 
products. 

Operators. 

Value of all 
products. 

Operators. 

Value of all 
products. 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Per 

cent. 

Amount. 

Per 

cent. 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Per 

cent. 

Amount. 

Per 

cent. 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Per 

cent. 

Amount. 

Per 

cent. 

All classes. 

Less than $5,000. 

$5,000 to $10,000. 

$10,000 to $100,000. 

$100,000 to $1,000,000. 

$1,000,000 and over 2 . 

3,503 

1,116 

481 

1,261 

577 

68 

$427,962,464 

2,826,603 
3,408,410 
47,712,666 
151,141,253 
222,873,532 

200 

30 

15 

63 

50 

42 

100.0 

15.0 

7.5 

31.5 

25.0 

21.0 

$183,590,213 

84,460 
117,838 
2,208,922 
15,550,531 
165.628,462 

100.0 

0) 

0.1 

1.2 

8.5 

90.2 

2,219 

335 

247 

1,084 

527 

26 

100.0 

15.1 

11.1 
48.9 
23.7 

1.2 

$238,881,811 

888,001 
1,827,276 
43,330,742 
135,590, 722 
57,245,070 

100.0 

0.4 

0.8 

18.1 

56.8 

24.0 

1,084 

751 

219 

114 

100.0 

69.3 

20.2 

10.5 

$5,490,440 

1,854,142 

1,463,296 

2,173,002 

100.0 

33.8 

26.7 

39.6 


2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 

2 Includes 10 operators each reporting products valued at $5,000,000 and over which can not be shown by groups on account of the disclosure of individual operations. 
The total value of their products was $108,025,423. 


In connection with these statistics it should be 
borne in mind, as explained in the Introduction, that, 
when a parent company had several coal mining 
subsidiary companies, these subsidiaries have not 
been treated singly as separate operators, but have 
been considered together as one operator under the 
name of the parent company. 

From Table 47 it is apparent that much greater 
operating organizations are found among companies 
affiliated with railroads and industrial concerns than 
among unaffiliated operators. In the entire industry 
10 operators each reported products valued at more 
than $5,000,000, and of this number, 8 W'ere allied with 
outside enterprises. Sixty-eight operators reported 
products valued at more than $1,000,000, and 42 of 
these were classed as having such affiliations. The 
average value of products per operator for the 200 


producers with such connections was more than 
$900,000, as compared with only about $100,000 for 
the unaffiliated commercial operators. The coal min¬ 
ing companies affiliated with railroads reported an 
average value of products per company of more than 
$2,000,000, as compared with average values of about 
$1,600,000 and $400,000, respectively, for the coal 
mining subsidiaries of iron and steel companies, and 
those of other industrial enterprises. (See Table 45.) 

Among the affiliated operators those reporting 
products valued at more than $1,000,000 each, consti¬ 
tuted by far the chief producing group, and together 
reported 90 per cent of the total value shown for the 
affiliated producers. Among the unaffiliated commer¬ 
cial operators the chief producing group was composed 
of those whose products were valued at $100,000 to 
$1,000,000. 






































































































40 


COAL MINING. 


The table also shows the limitation usually imposed 
on the scale of operations by dependence on local 
markets. None of the unaffiliated operators selling 
exclusively in local markets reported products equal¬ 
ing $100,000 in value and only 114 out of a total of 
1,084 such operators reported products exceeding 
$10,000 in value. 

Table 48 shows, for 1909, the number of operators 
affiliated with railroads, iron and steel companies, and 
other industrial concerns, respectively, classified ac¬ 
cording to value of all products per operator. 


Table 48 

NUMBER OF OPERATORS 
AFFILIATED WITH— 

VALUE OF ALL PRODUCTS PER OPERATOR. 

Railroad 

com¬ 

panies. 

Iron and 
steel 
com¬ 
panies. 

Other 

industrial 

com¬ 

panies. 

All classes. 

33 

36 

131 

Less than $5,000. 

30 

$5,000 to $10, boo. 



15 

$10,000 to $100,000. 

2 

8 

53 

$100,000 to $1,000,000. 

10 

19 

21 

$1,000,000 and over 1 . 

21 

9 

12 




1 Includes 8 operators reporting products valued at $5,000,000 and over. 


Table 49 compares the size of the coal mining organ¬ 
izations which also manufactured coke at their mines 
with the size of those which did not make coke. 


Table 49 

NUMBER OF OPERATORS— 

VALUE OF ALL PRODUCTS PER OPERATOR. 

Total. 

Without 
coke man¬ 
ufacture 
at mines. 

With 

coke 

manufac¬ 
ture at 
mines. 

Total. 

3,503 

1,597 

1,261 

522 

3,322 

1,590 

1,212 

442 

181 

TjAss than $10,000. 

7 

$10,000 to $100,000. 

49 

$100,000 to $500,000. 

80 

$500,000 to $1,000,000. 

55 

40 

15 

$1,000,000 to $5,000,000. 

58 

37 

21 

$5^000^000 and over. 

10 

1 

9 





Average expenses per ton of coal, by states. —Sta¬ 
tistics showing, by states, the average expenditures 
per ton of coal produced are presented in two tables. 
The first table (51) covers all mines furnishing complete 
reports. The data have been adjusted to relate ex¬ 
clusively to coal mining by omitting the expenses 
attributable to the manufacture of coke at the mines. 
(See Table 33.) The second table (52) covers only 
those mines without coke manufacture which reported 
a value of product in excess of expenses and were clas¬ 
sified in Table 40 as class A mines. 

In connection with these tables the remarks under 
“ Expenses ” in the Introduction, as to depreciation and 
expenditures for mine development included in the 
expenses reported, must be taken into account. 

For certain states the total average expenses per 
ton and the averages for supplies given in the table 
may be slightly in error. This is due to the fact that 


The proportion of large organizations is much 
higher among operators combining coal mining with 
coke manufacture than among other operators. The 
growth of extensive organizations among the former 
has been fostered not only by close affiliation with 
large consumers of coal and coke, but also by the fact 
that the areas of good coking coal are of limited extent, 
are largely controlled by big companies, and few tracts 
are available for small operators, while, on the other 
hand, hundreds of thousands of acres of steam and 
domestic coal are available for cheaply opened small 
mines, and by the further fact that the heavy initial 
cost of beginning coke manufacture necessitates a 
larger scale of production. 

Classification of operators according to acreage of land 
controlled : 1909. —The following table gives the number 
of bituminous operators, with and without coke manu¬ 
facture at their mines, classified according to the 
acreage of land (coal and other) controlled: 


Table 50 

NUMBER OF OPERATORS— 

NUMBER OF ACRES PER OPERATOR. 

Total. 

Without 
coke man¬ 
ufacture 
at mines. 

With 
coke 
manufac¬ 
ture at 
mines. 

Total . 

1 3,456 

1,228 

i 3,275 

1,208 

1,386 

602 

181 

Less than 100 acres. 

20 

100 to 1,000 acres. 

1,430 

676 

44 

1 000 to 10,000 acres. 

74 

10,000 to 100,000 acres. 

111 


34 

100,000 acres and over. 

11 

2 

9 




1 Forty-seven operators failed to report acreage. 


This table shows that holders of large areas of land 
are relatively much more numerous among operators 
making coke than among those without coke manu¬ 
facture. On account of limited deposits many opera¬ 
tors, particularly those affiliated with large coke con¬ 
sumers, have obtained extensive areas of coking coal 
for reserve supplies. 

rSES. 

under cost of supplies some operators included the 
cost of mining supplies afterward sold to employees 
with deductions therefor from wages, but the wages 
tabulated were the gross earnings before these deduc¬ 
tions were made, and hence the total expenses for 
these operators were slightly exaggerated. By corre¬ 
spondence most of such reports were corrected. Al¬ 
though it was not possible to correct the remaining 
reports, it was possible to ascertain the extreme limit 
of possible error on this account, by tabulating the 
deductions made from wages. When thus treated it 
appears that the limit of error from this cause in the 
above averages for the entire United States is only 
about half a cent per ton. In Alabama this error may 
amount to slightly over $0.02 per ton; in Iowa, to 
$0.05 per ton; in Michigan, to $0.05 per ton; in North 
Dakota, to $0.04 per ton; in Oklahoma, to $0.08 per 
ton; and in Texas, to $0.04 per ton. In all other states 

























































BITUMINOUS COAL. 


41 


any such error, if existing at all, is negligibly small. 
Furthermore, it must be distinctly understood that 
these figures mentioned represent not a certain error, 
but only the extreme limit of a possible error, while 
doubtless the actual error is much within this limit. 


Average Reported Expenses per Ton (Expenses Connected 
With Coke Manufacture Excluded. Partly by Esti¬ 
mate) for all Bituminous Coal Mines, by States: 1909. 


Table 5 I. 

STATE. 

AVERAGE 

EXPENSE 

PER TON OF COAL PRODUCED. 

Total. 

Salaries. 

Wages. 

Supplies. 

Royal¬ 
ties and 
miscel¬ 
laneous 
ex¬ 
penses. 

United States. 

$1.00 

$0.05 

$0.75 

$0.12 

$0.08 

Alabama. 

1.12 

0.08 

0.73 

0.16 

0.15 

Arkansas. 

1.53 

0.07 

1.16 

0.15 

0.14 

Colorado. 

1.24 

0.06 

0.92 

0.16 

0.09 

Illinois. 

1.02 

0.04 

0. S3 

0.10 

0.05 

Indiana. 

1.01 

0.04 

0.83 

0.08 

0.06 

Iowa. 

1.66 

0.06 

1.34 

0.17 

0.08 

Kansas. 

1.42 

0.04 

1.18 

0.09 

0.11 

Kentucky. 

0.96 

0.07 

0.67 

0.11 

0.10 

Maryland. 

0.99 

0.06 

0.68 

0.10 

0.15 

Michigan. 

1.68 

0.07 

1.28 

0.18 

0.15 

Missouri. 

1.59 

0.06 

1.31 

0.11 

0.11 

North Dakota. 

1.44 

0.16 

0.98 

0.21 

0.08 

Ohio. 

0.99 

0.05 

0.76 

0.10 

0.08 

Oklahoma. 

2.10 

0.10 

1.54 

0.29 

0.17 

Oregon. 

2. 85 

0.14 

1.83 

0. 75 

0.13 

Pennsylvania. 

0.86 

0..O1 

0.63 

0.12 

0.07 

Tennessee. 

1.12 

0.09 

0.80 

0.11 

0.12 

Texas. 

1.54 

0.10 

1.17 

0.18 

0.10 

Virginia. 

0.89 

0.06 

0.54 

0.14 

0.15 

Washington. 

1.80 

0.07 

1.39 

0.24 

0.11 

West Virginia. 

0.84 

0.05 

0.57 

0. 11 

0.10 

Wyoming. 

1.29 

0.07 

0.92 

0.23 

0.08 

All other states 1 . 

1.36 

0.08 

1.03 

0. 20 

0.06 


1 Includes California, Georgia, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, and Utah. 


The average expense per ton given in the above 
table varies widely in different states, as do the sep¬ 
arate items making up the total. Owing to the differ¬ 
ences in the wage scales, the methods of mining, the 
scale of the operations, and in other conditions of 
produetion, not only between different states, but 
often within a state itself, these figures can be used 
only for very general comparisons. 

Average expenses per ton of coal for selected mines, 
by states. —As explained in connection with Table 40, 
class A mines are those reporting a total value of 
products greater than the total expenses reported. 
In order to indicate the conditions of operation of such 
mines in different states, the following table gives data 
similar to those presented in the foregoing table. 
Mines with coke manufacture are not included. 

The figures in Table 52 for the United States as a 


which are $0.86 per ton for all mines, and $0.89 per 
ton for the class A mines covered by Table 52. This 
difference is due to the inclusion in the former table 
and the exclusion from the latter of the Connellsville 
coke district, a region of cheap, large scale, coal min¬ 
ing. However, when the averages in the two tables 
for the states without coke manufacture at mines, 
such as Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, are compared, 
it appears that the uniformly lower average expenses 
for the class A mines are due chiefly to lower average 
wage payments. 

In considering these averages the remarks in connec¬ 
tion with the preceding table concerning the possible 
errors and the general limitations of the data must be 
taken as also applying to this table. 

Average Expenses per Ton for Class A Bituminous Coal 
Mines, by States. Excluding Mines with Coke Manu¬ 
facture: 1909. 


Table 52 

STATE. 

AVERAGE 

EXPENSE 

PER TON OF COAL PRODUCED. 

Total. 

Salaries. 

Wages. 

Supplies. 

Royal¬ 
ties and 
miscel¬ 
laneous. 

United States. 

$1.00 

$0.05 

$0.76 

$0.11 

$0.08 

Alabama. 

1.10 

0.10 

0.77 

0.15 

0.08 

Arkansas. 

1.36 

0.06 

1.05 

0.11 

0.14 

Colorado. 

1.27 

0.07 

0.93 

0.16 

0.10 

Illinois. 

0.99 

0.04 

0.81 

0.09 

0.05 

Indiana. 

0.93 

0.04 

0.77 

0.07 

0.05 

Iowa. 

1.60 

0.07 

1.29 

0.15 

0.09 

Kansas. 

1.33 

0.04 

1.13 

0.08 

0.08 

Kentucky. 

0.85 

0.06 

0.63 

0.08 

0.08 

Maryland. 

0.98 

0.05 

0.68 

0.10 

0.16 

Michigan. 

1.52 

0.05 

1.22 

0.16 

0.09 

Missouri. 

1.55 

0.06 

1.29 

0.10 

0.10 

North Dakota. 

1.24 

0.14 

0.89 

0.16 

0.05 

Ohio. 

0.91 

0.04 

0.72 

0.08 

0.07 

Oklahoma. 

1.85 

0.09 

1.36 

0.25 

0.15 

Oregon. 

2.19 

0.16 

1.76 

0.15 

0.12 

Pennsylvania. 

0.89 

0.04 

0.66 

0.11 

0.08 

Tennessee. 

0.98 

0.08 

0.67 

0.08 

0.14 

Texas. 

1.43 

0.09 

1.08 

0.18 

0.08 

Virginia. 

0.84 

0.06 

0.60 

0.07 

0.11 

Washington. 

1.61 

0.05 

1.29 

0.19 

0.08 

West Virginia. 

0. 79 

0.06 

0.55 

0.09 

0.09 

Wyoming. 

1.27 

0.06 

0.90 

0.23 

0.07 

All other states 1 . 

1.28 

0.07 

0.98 

0.17 

0.06 


1 Includes California, Georgia, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, and Utah. 


Expenses and related data for mines classified ac¬ 
cording to method of mining, selected states. —The 

following table has been prepared to show broadly the 
differences in the cost of coal production resulting from 
different methods of mining. It has been necessary to 
exclude mines with coke manufacture, because the 
expenses attributable to the coke business can not be 
segregated here with sufficient precision to make coin¬ 


whole, and for Alabama, Colorado, Kentucky, Penn¬ 
sylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, Washington, West Vir¬ 
ginia, and “All other states” are not strictly com- 
parable with those in the preceding table, since in that 
table the figures for the United States as a whole and 
for the states named are based on all mines, including 


parisons with entire safety. Data are shown only for 
states in which the number of enterprises of each class 
was large enough to furnish significant information. 
No totals for the United States are given, because con¬ 
ditions differ so widely in different parts of the coun¬ 
try with respect to factors other than the method of 


those with coke manufacture, while the results given 
here are based entirely on mines without coke manu¬ 
facture. The consequent incomparability of the 
figures is shown by the averages for Pennsylvania, 


mining that no conclusions could safely be derived 
from such totals. For the same reason in comparing 
the several methods of mining each state or group of 
states should be considered by itself. 


























































































42 


COAL MINING 


STATISTICS OF BITUMINOUS COAL MINES, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO METHOD OF MINING: 1909. 

[Exclusive of mines with coke manufacture.] 


Tabic 53 






EXPENSES. 


/ 






Num¬ 
ber of 
mines. 








Average per ton. 


STATE AND METHOD OF MINING. 

Total. 

Salaries. 

Wages. 

Fuel and 
rent of 
power. 

Other 

supplies. 

Royalties 

and 

miscel¬ 

laneous. 

Total. 

Sala¬ 

ries. 

Wages. 

Fuel 

and 

rent 

of 

power. 

Other 

sup¬ 

plies. 

Roy¬ 

alties 

and 

miscel¬ 

lane¬ 

ous. 

Illinois: 














Machine mining. 

39 

$5,681,627 

$225,285 

$4,735,214 

$81,038 

$426,453 

$213,637 

$0.84 

$0.03 

$0.70 

$0.01 

$0.06 

$0.03 

Pick mining with mechanical power. 

436 

29,807,306 

1,115,809 

24,393,872 

595,415 
1,651 

2,087,271 

1,614,939 

1.13 

0.04 

0.92 

0.02 

0.08 

0.06 

Pick mining without mechanical power 1 . 

67 

364,466 

11,865 

293,268 

33.615 

24,067 

825,576 

1.11 

0.04 

0.89 

0.01 

0.10 

0.07 

Mixed pick and machine mining 2 . 

Ohio: 

Machine mining. 

89 

15,844,105 

730,709 

12,568,892 

327,149 

1,391,779 

0.93 

0.04 

0.74 

0.02 

0.08 

0.05 

138 

10,339,534 

486,009 

8,046,387 

130,3S6 

953,969 

722,783 

0.93 

0.04 

0.73 

0.01 

0.09 

0.07 

Pick mining with mechanical power. 

98 

1,917,219 

128,717 

1,490,656 

22,793 

176,048 

99,005 

1.22 

0.08 

0.95 

0.01 

0.11 

0.06 

Pick mining without mechanical power 1 . 

250 

1,063,322 

52,738 

860,210 

3,897 

65,646 

80,831 

1.04 

0.05 

0.84 

( 3 ) 

0.06 

0.08 

Mixed pick and machine mining 2 . 

154 

13,833,422 

699,572 

10,524,786 

231,390 

1,097,152 

1,280,522 

1.00 

0.05 

0.76 

0.02 

0.08 

0.09 

Pennsylvania: 









Machine mining. 

52 

5,834,991 

200,028 

4,360,739 

125,775 

519,042 

629,407 

0.89 

0.03 

0.67 

0.02 

0.08 

0.10 

Pick mining with mechanical power. 

309 

15,696,995 

666,340 

11,899,186 

241,624 

3,179 

1,475,545 
239,658 

1,414,300 

1.00 

0.04 

0.76 

0.02 

0.09 

0.09 

Pick mining without mechanical power 1 . 

420 

3,509,090 

170,479 

2,721,572 

39,673,780 

374,202 

0.90 

0.04 

0.70 

( 3 ) 

0.06 

0.10 

Mixed pick and machine mining 2 . 

398 

54,310,865 

2,619,410 

1,147,106 

6,305,564 

4,565,005 

0.92 

0.04 

0.67 

0.02 

0.11 

0.08 

West Virginia: 









Pick mining with mechanical power. 

100 

4,811,112 

325,664 

3,180,438 

69,275 

710,472 

525,263 
102,076 

1.04 

0.07 

0.69 

0.02 

0.15 

0.11 

Pick mining without mechanical power l . 

66 

825,722 

72,600 

559,444 

1,460 

90,142 

0.86 

o.os 

0.58 

(3) 

0.09 

0.11 

Mixed pick and machine mining • . 

313 

18,690,529 

1,312,358 

12,743,699 

308,422 

2,020,883 

2,305,167 

0.87 

0.06 

0.59 

0.01 

0.09 

0.11 

Western States: 4 








Machine mining. 

23 

1,622,634 

83,335 

1,211,727 

27,899 

192,561 

107,112 

1.27 

0.07 

0.95 

0.02 

0.15 

0.08 

Pick mining with mechanical power. 

116 

10,177,305 

494,573 

7,527,431 

329,346 

1,146,882 

679,073 

1.39 

0.07 

1.03 

0.05 

0.16 

0.09 

Pick mining without mechanical power >. 

57 

438,174 

38,328 

294,380 

275 

54,557 

1,281,371 

50,634 

1.62 

0.14 

1.09 

C 3 ) 

0.20 

0.19 

Mixed pick and machine mining 2 . 

67 

9,373,525 

484,385 

6,700,931 

256,092 

650,746 

1.36 

0.07 

0.97 

0.04 

0.19 

0.09 


Table 5 3—Continued. 

STATE AND METHOD OF MINING. 


COAL 

PRODUCED. 


WAGE EARNERS. 

Primary 

horse¬ 

power. 

1 AVERAGE PER 

MINE. 

Tons. 

Per cent distribution. 

Value at 
mines. 

Maximum 

number. 

Minimum number. 

Tons 

pro¬ 

duced. 

Wage 

earn¬ 

ers. 

Pri¬ 

mary 

horse¬ 

power. 

Loaded 

at 

mines 
for ship¬ 
ment or 
used 
in other 
depart¬ 
ments 
by pro¬ 
ducers. 

Sold 

local¬ 

ly- 

Used 

at 

mines 

for 

steam 

and 

heat. 

Month. 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Month. 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Per 

cent 

of 

maxi¬ 

mum. 

Illinois: 















Machine mining. 

6.785,177 

96.6 

1.1 

2.3 

$5,879,392 

Nov... 

7.548 

July .. 

6,433 

85.2 

21,128 

173,979 

201 

542 

Pick mining with mechanical power. 

26,384,175 

89.0 

8.0 

3.0 

29,949,150 

Dec... 

42,850 

June.. 

34.859 

81.4 

93,935 

60,514 

102 

215 

Pick mining without mechanical power 1 . 

329,450 

54.8 

43.3 

1.9 

434,448 

Jan... 

1,583 

July .. 

273 

17.2 


4,917 

7 


Mixed pickand machine mining 2 . 

17,071,701 

96.0 

1.0 

2.9 

16,736.928 

Dec... 

20,454 

Aug... 

16,516 

80.7 

51.111 

191,817 

242 

574 

Ohio: 















Machine mining. 

11,088,693 

96.8 

1.1 

2.1 

10,464,186 

Nov... 

16,335 

Apr... 

13,493 

82.6 

45,251 

80,353 

122 

328 

Pick mining with mechanical power. 

1,567,156 

87.4 

9.8 

2.8 

1,912,640 

Dec... 

2,954 

May .. 

2,060 

69.7 

5,843 

15.991 

35 

60 

Pick mining without mechanical power 1 . 

1.023,002 

57.1 

42.6 

0.3 

1,214,810 

Dec... 

2,089 

June.. 

1,246 

59. 6 


4,092 

9 

• 

Mixed pick and machine mining 2 . 

13,839,913 

97.4 

0.3 

2.3 

13,682,767 

Nov... 

22,546 

June.. 

19,543 

86.7 

46.328 

89,870 

143 

301 

Pennsylvania: 















Machine mining. 

6,524,973 

96.4 

0.7 

2.9 

5,963,828 

Dec... 

8,100 

May .. 

7,3S8 

91.2 

31.444 

125,480 

157 

605 

Pick mining with mechanical power. 

15,717,481 

95.7 

2.7 

1.5 

16.284,546 

Dec... 

23.870 

May .. 

20,803 

87.2 

35,372 

50,866 

79 

114 

Pick mining without mechanical power 1 . 

3.892,521 

82.0 

17.9 

0. 1 

3,939,700 

Dec... 

6.501 

Apr... 

4,842 

74.5 


9,268 

16 


Mixed pickand machine mining 2 . 

58.968,974 

96.8 

0.9 

2.3 

59,560; 978 

Dec... 

75,442 

Jan... 

65,816 

87.2 

171,434 

148,163 

193 

431 

West Virginia: 















Pick mining with mechanical power. 

4,613,525 

96.7 

1.7 

1.5 

4,249.234 

Dec... 

6,877 

May .. 

5,706 

83.0 

14.518 

46,135 

69 

145 

Pick mining without mechanical power 1 . 

957,102 

95. 1 

4.8 

0. 1 

784,401 

Dec... 

1,518 

May .. 

1.176 

77.5 


14,502 

25 


Mixed pickand machine mining 2 . 

21.596,304 

97.0 

1.2 

1.8 

18,296,613 

Nov.. 

27,940 

Mar... 

24,710 

88.4 

64,720 

68,998 

89 

207 

Western States: 4 















Machine mining. 

1.280,891 

95.2 

1.8 

3.0 

2,077,007 

Dec... 

1,801 

Apr... 

1.147 

63.7 

7,675 

55,691 

80 

334 

Pick mining with mechanical power. 

7.301,932 

94.2 

1.8 

4.0 

11,643,777 

Dec... 

10,212 

July .. 

7,875 

77.1 

35,477 

62,948 

89 

306 

Pick mining without mechanical power L 

270,108 

69.0 

30.9 

0.1 

490,726 

Dec... 

589 

July .. 

237 

40.2 


4,739 

11 


Mixed pick and machine mining 2 . 

6,882,594 

i 

93.7 

2.2 

4.1 

10,544,825 

Dec... 

9.494 

July.. 

7,698 

81.1 

28.087 

102;725 

141 

419 


1 This group includes the following numbers of proprietors and partners performing manual labor at the mines, for whom no wages were reported: niinois, 44; Ohio, 
131; Pennsylvania, 162; West Virginia, 10; and Western states, 25. 

2 The following percentages of tonnage in this class were mined by machine: Illinois, 66.5; Ohio, 79.8; Pennsylvania, 68.4; West Virginia, 64.2; and Western states, 43.8. 

2 Less than 1 cent. 

4 Includes Colorado, Montana, and Wyoming. 


As shown by the table pick mines operated without 
mechanical power are generally small, irregular opera¬ 
tions, and in most states, as a matter of fact, they are 
chiefly dependent upon local trade. The average 
expenses per ton given for these mines are not strictly 
comparable with those of the other three classes cov¬ 
ered by the table, since a relatively large number of 
proprietors and partners performed services in these 


small mines—administrative work or manual labor— 
without including any charge therefor in the expenses 
reported. (See Table 60.) 

The table shows uniformly lower average expenses 
per ton for machine mines than for pick mines with 
mechanical power. The average difference per ton in 
favor of the machine mines in Illinois was S0.29; in 
Ohio, $0.29; in Pennsylvania, $0.11; and in Western 











































































































BITUMINOUS COAL. 


43 


states, $0.12. The greater part of this advantage 
is, naturally, due to a considerably lower average 
expense per ton for wages. 

Inasmuch as the total output of the mines using only 
the machine method may be considered comparatively 
small in some of the states shown, the average expenses 
per ton for the “mixed” mines should also be com¬ 
pared with those for mines using the pick metho # d ex¬ 
clusively. This “mixed” group contains a few ex¬ 
clusively machine and a few exclusively pick mines 
(included by operators in one combined report), but.is 
composed chiefly of mines operated partly by machine 
and partly by pick mining. As shown by the footnote, 
the major part of the great output of this group in 
each of the four states separately named is machine 
mined, and in each of them the average total expenses 
and the average wage payments per ton were lower 
than for pick mines with mechanical power. This 
difference in total expenses per ton in Illinois was 
$0.20; in Ohio, $0.22; in Pennsylvania, $0.08; in 
West Virginia, $0.17. In the Western states, where 
the difference was $0.03 per ton, less than half the 
output of the “mixed” mines was machine mined. 

The differences in average wage payments and in 
average total expenses per ton shown by this table are 
not to be taken as measuring precisely the general 
advantage of machine over pick mining. Numerous 
other factors also affect expenses. For example, in 
every instance except the Western states, the mines 
using the machine method exclusively, and also the 


“mixed” group, show a larger average output per 
mine than the pick mines, which doubtless tends to 
reduce the expenses of production. Differences in the 
regularity of operation may also affect the expenses of 
production, while diversity of wage scales and vari¬ 
ations, not only in the thickness and character of the 
veins worked, but also in numerous other details of 
mine operation, such as haulage, drainage, ventila¬ 
tion, and the preparation of coal, likewise affect costs. 
It is likely that the mines using machines for under¬ 
cutting and shearing coal have also adopted better 
methods in these other details of operation, but prob¬ 
ably a large part of the difference in average expenses 
per ton shown for the classes of mines in this table is 
due to the use or nonuse of mining machines. 

Expenses and related data for mines classified ac¬ 
cording to kind of opening, selected states.—Table 
54 gives, for selected states, comparative expenses, 
with related analytical data, for mines classified 
according to the kind of opening as defined in connec¬ 
tion with Table 42. Open cuts are omitted because 
the number of such operations is small. Mines not 
reporting expenses separately, mines including the 
cost of coke manufacture in their expenses reported, 
and mines with two or more kinds of openings, are 
excluded because the data for such mines would 
have no significance. No United States totals are 
given because conditions other than the kind of open¬ 
ing differ so widely in different states as to render 
such totals valueless for comparative purposes. 


STATISTICS OF BITUMINOUS COAL MINES CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO KIND OF OPENING: 1909. 


[Exclusive of mines with coke manufacture.] 


Table 54 






COAL PRODUCED. 






STATE AND CHARACTER OF MINE OPENING. 

Num¬ 

ber 

? f 

mines. 

EXPENSES. 

Tons (2,000 pounds). 

Per cent of 
total tonnage. 


WAGE EARNERS. 

HORSEPOWER. 


Total. 

Aver¬ 
age per 
ton. 

Total. 

Average 

per 

mine. 

Mined 
by ma¬ 
chines. 

Sold 

locally. 

Value at 
mines. 

Total. 

Aver¬ 
age per 
mine. 

Total. 

Aver¬ 

age 

per 

mine. 

Illinois: 













Shaft mines. 

509 

$48,805.106 

$1.01 

48,097.159 

94,493 

37.5 

4.4 

$50,082,859 

69,523 

137 

157,302 

309 

Slope mines. 

56 

589,531 
229,619 

1.14 

517,281 

9.237 

11,494 


33.5 

624,524 

288,988 

1,001 

18 

1,504 

27 


22 

0.91 

252,868 


49.2 

447 

20 

458 

21 

Ohio: 


Shaft mines. 

67 

4,580,520 

1.12 

4,087,321 

61,005 

85.6 

2.3 

4.477,244 

7.477 

112 

18,579 

277 

Slope mines. 

60 

2,272,146 

1.07 

2,117,234 

35,287 

78.5 

2.8 

2,150,501 

3,945 

66 

8,638 

144 

Drift mines. 

403 

10,044,230 

0.96 

10,503,436 

26,063 

75.5 

5.3 

10,383,318 

16,290 

40 

29,281 

73 

Pennsylvania: 




6,223.447 








Shaft mines. 

55 

6,093,886 

0.98 

113,154 

66.1 

1.7 

5,965,817 

7.909 

144 

24,554 

446 

Slope mines. 

Drift mines. 

76 

6,079,058 

0.95 

6,430,217 

84,608 

59.7 

1.9 

6.363,768 

8,148 

107 

20.217 

266 

758 

34,285,681 

0.93 

36,927,127 

48,717 

45.3 

2.8 

37,704,318 

50,076 

66 

88,842 

117 

West Virginia: 












Shaft mines. 

29 

2,411,495 

1.06 

2,282,226 

78,697 

54.0 

1.3 

1,901,820 

3,264 

113 

11,501 

397 

Slope mines. 

Drift mines. 

22 

1,287.800 

1.10 

1,175,252 

33,421 

46.3 

2.7 

1,036,587 

18,434,841 

1,412 

64 

4,022 

183 

382 

18,668,236 

0.87 

21,388,002 

55,990 

49.5 

1.3 

29,358 

77 

56,793 

149 

Western States: 1 



1.52 

2,141,432 

59.484 







Shaft mines. 

36 

3,255,860 

51.6 

4.2 

3,206,703 

3,530 

98 

9,067 

252 

Slope mines. 

121 

11.591,048 

1.37 

8,462,898 

2,953,841 

69,941 

14.0 

2.4 

13,655,663 

11,630 

96 

44,136 

365 

Drift mines.. 

77 

4,039,252 

1.37 

38,362 

37.0 

2.6 

5,023,416 

4,147 

54 

11,664 

151 


1 Includes Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming. 


This table shows that in all the states covered, shaf-t 
mines were comparatively large operations. In Illi¬ 
nois drifts and slopes were small workings largely 
dependent on local trade, while in the other states 
shown they were larger, and, although usually of 
smaller average output than shafts, were important 
commercial producers. 


Since drainage and haulage expenses are usually 
lower in drifts than in shafts and slopes, drift mines 
would be expected to have lower average expenses 
per ton than shafts and slopes in the same field. 
Although somewhat obscured by other factors, 
Table 54 shows this to be the general result. The 
figures of these three groups of mines in Illinois are not 


























































44 


COAL MINING. 


strictly comparable owing to the difference in the 
scale of production and in methods of mining, and to 
the fact that in the Illinois drifts a number of proprie¬ 
tors and partners performed services for which no 
compensation was included. However, hi Ohio, 
Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and the Western states, 
where the returns for these different classes are 
fairly comparable, the average expenses per ton for 
drifts were from $0.05 to $0.19 lower than those for 
shafts. In connection with these figures the remarks 
following Table 53 as to the significance of such 
averages should be borne in mind and it should be 
clearly understood that other factors, such as the 
differences in rates of wages, methods of mining and 
the scale of production may render the kind of mine 
opening a distinctly minor factor in determining the 
expense of production. Accordingly these figures 
are to be taken, not as measuring precisely the advan¬ 
tage of one kind of opening over another in these 
states, but only as indicating such advantage in a 
general way. 

Although not shown in this table, the open cuts or 
strippings in Iowa, Kansas, and Missouri (taken 
together) reported an average expense of $1.17 per 
ton, as compared with $1.55 per ton for slopes and for 
shafts in these states. Many of these open cuts, sup¬ 
plying chiefly local trade, were worked rather primi¬ 
tively, but others made use of the latest mechanical 
equipment for such operations. 

In every instance the table shows a higher average 
horsepower per mine for shafts and slopes than for 
drifts. Although the smaller average output of the 
drifts doubtless accounts for a part of this difference, 
it is also in part due probably to the relatively greater 
power requirements of shafts and slopes for handling 
coal and draining the workings. 

Royalty payments, by states: 1909. —Table 55 gives 
for different states the number of tons of coal pro¬ 
duced by mines operated on lands held under lease 

PERSONS ENGAGED 

Classification according to general occupational sta¬ 
tus, by states : 1909. —The number of persons engaged 
in the bituminous coal industry in 1909, classified 
according to general occupational status, is shown, by 
states, in Table 56. 

Wage earners constituted 96.1 per cent of all per¬ 
sons reported in the industry in the United States as a 
whole, and the proportion did not vary greatly from 


by operators, the total amount of royalties paid by 
these producers, and the average royalty per ton. 

This table does not cover all mines operated on land 
held under lease by the operators. The reports for 
numerous mines of this kind were combined by the 
operators with the reports of other mines operated on 
land owned by the producers, and the mines covered 
by such combined reports could not be included in this 
table. However, the figures do cover a sufficient num¬ 
ber of mines to show the general rates of royalty pre¬ 
vailing in different states. 


Table 5 A 

MINES ON LEASED LAND. 

STATE. 

Total tons 
of coal 

Koyalties. 


produced 

(2,000 

pounds). 

Amount. 

Aver¬ 

age 

per ton. 

United States. 

82,912,956 

$6,882,568 

$0. 08 

Alabama. 

1,639,539 

112,892 

0.07 

Arkansas. 

550,642 

74,974 
192,528 

0.14 

Colorado. 

1,660,106 

0.12 

Illinois. 

5,940,057 

408,269 

0.07 

Indiana. 

2,506,029 

2,365,695 

162,724 
182,743 

0.06 

Iowa. 

0.08 

Kansas. 

1,868,893 

173,652 

0.09 

Kentucky. 

3,056,051 

1,065,589 

247,677 

0.08 

Missouri. 

87,963 

0.08 

Ohio. 

4,022,418 

272,013 

0.07 

Oklahoma. 

2,906,888 

260,517 

0.09 

Pennsylvania: 

Without coke made at mines. 

19,222,867 

1,650,285 

0.09 

With coke made at mines... 

2,177,650 

333,388 

0.15 

Tennessee. 

3,043,900 

2,761,667 

337,985 
191,646 

0 . 11 

Virginia. 

0.07 

West Virginia: 

Without coke made at mines. 

15,538,143 

1,222,914 

0.08 

With coke made at mines. 

10,573,269 

759,180 

0.07 

Wyoming. 

688,717 

68,379 

0 . 10 

All other states 1 . 

1,324,836 

142,839 

0.11 


' Includes Maryland, Michigan, Montana, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, 
Texas, Utah, and Washington. 


The average rate of royalty .shown for the United 
States in 1909 was $0.08 per ton. Indiana shows the 
lowest average, $0.06 per ton, while the highest were 
reported from Arkansas, $0.14 per ton, and Pennsyl¬ 
vania, for mines at which coke was made, $0.15 per 
ton. The superior quality of the Arkansas semian¬ 
thracite and of some of the Pennsylvania coking coal 
explains these higher rates. 

IN THE INDUSTRY. 

state to state. Owing to the prevalence of incorpo¬ 
rated companies, the number of individual proprie¬ 
tors and firm members w r as relatively small. These 
were generally small operators, and nearly one-half 
of the total number were reported as performing man¬ 
ual labor in mines. Many of these latter were the 
proprietors of small local ‘‘banks” with few or no 
wage earners. 






































BITUMINOUS COAL 


45 


Table 56 

STATE. 

Total. 

Pro¬ 

prie¬ 

tors 

and 

firm 

mem¬ 

bers. 

Sala¬ 

ried 

officers 

of 

cor¬ 

pora¬ 

tions. 

Super- 

in- 

tend- 

ents 

and 

mana¬ 

gers. 

Clerks 

and 

other 

sala¬ 

ried 

em¬ 

ploy¬ 

ees. 

Wage 
earners, 
number 
Decem¬ 
ber 15, 
1909, 
or near¬ 
est rep¬ 
resent¬ 
ative 
day. 

Pro¬ 

prie¬ 

tors 

and 

firm 

mem¬ 

bers 

per¬ 

form¬ 

ing 

man¬ 

ual 

labor. 

All mines: 








United States 1 .... 

582,677 

3,739 

2,315 

5,566 

11,268 

569,789 

1,713 

MINES WITHOUT COKE 








MANUFACTURE. 








United States >.... 

453,473 

3,648 

2,005 

4,188 

8,218 

435,414 

1,709 

Alabama. 

12,427 

40 

109 

171 

386 

11,721 

6 

Arkansas. 

5,678 

38 

27 

70 

81 

5,462 

20 

Colorado. 

10,942 

165 

65 

151 

193 

10,368 

10 

Illinois. 

76,761 

528 

243 

593 

952 

74,445 

359 

Indiana. 

23,109 

202 

99 

157 

294 

22,357 

110 

Iowa. 

18,332 

298 

79 

137 

195 

17,623 

225 

Kansas. 

13,374 

283 

40 

78 

182 

12,791 

152 

Kentucky. 

18,869 

118 

170 

229 

417 

17,935 

39 

Maryland. 

6,069 

28 

20 

82 

141 

5,798 

13 

Michigan. 

3,782 

104 

17 

33 

56 

3,572 

70 

Missouri. 

9,991 

244 

32 

105 

84 

9,526 

208 

North Dakota. 

954 

51 

5 

21 

20 

857 

19 

Ohio. 

46,046 

421 

201 

371 

648 

44,405 

203 

Oklahoma. 

9,124 

35 

39 

69 

167 

8,814 

22 

Oregon. 

271 

9 

1 

4 

6 

251 

9 

Pennsylvania. 

119,972 

724 

336 

911 

1,927 

116,074 

179 

Tennessee. 

8,931 

20 

69 

102 

270 

8,470 

9 

Texas. 

4,416 

8 

22 

49 

103 

4,234 


Virginia. 

3,197 

10 

26 

32 

68 

3 061 


Washington. 

6,035 

6 

15 

40 

117 

5,857 

2 

West Virginia. 

38,107 

57 

194 

475 

918 

36,463 

12 

Wyoming.• 

8,267 

185 

24 

63 

156 

7,839 

4 

All other states 2 . 

7,816 

74 

34 

71 

146 

7,491 

38 

MINES WITH COKE MAN- 








UFACTURE. 






•» 


United States. 

139,204 

91 

310 

1,378 

3,050 

134,375 

4 

Alabama. 

12,395 


26 

210 

401 

11,758 


Colorado.*.... 

51224 


8 

28 

95 

5,093 


Kentucky. 

1,763 


3 

17 

23 

1,720 


Pennsylvania. 

70j630 

84 

139 

802 

1,271 

68,334 

4 

Connellsvilledist.... 

48,391 

78 

96 

655 

827 

46,735 

2 

Tennessee. 

2,798 


9 

35 

70 

2,684 


Virginia. 

7', 221 


16 

39 

180 

6,981 


Washington. 

313 


1 

7 


298 


West Virginia. 

34,370 

2 

93 

217 

855 

33,203 


All other “states 3 . 

4,490 


15 

23 

148 

4,304 



1 Includes 138 salaried officers of corporations, 174 superintendents and managers 
and 691 clerks employed in general offices who could not be distributed among the 
individual states; the states to which their services related were Arkansas, Colorado, 
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Montana, Ohio, 
Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas, Washington, West Virginia, and Wyoming. 

2 Includes California, Georgia, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, and Utah. 

«Includes Georgia, Montana, New Mexico, and Utah. 

Classification of wage earners according to occupa¬ 
tion, by states: 1909.—The following table gives for 
mines with and without coke manufacture in differ¬ 
ent states, the average number of miners and miners’ 
helpers per mine, the percentage of wage earners em¬ 
ployed outside and inside, and the percentage in va¬ 
rious occupations. The absolute numbers appear in 
Table 62. For mines with coke manufacture the per¬ 
centages are based on all wage earners, including those 
in the coke branch of the business. 

The table shows, of course, a much higher percent¬ 
age of wage earners employed above ground for mines 
combining coal mining with coke manufacture than 
for mines without coke ovens. In the mines without 
coke manufacture considerable variation appears 
among different states in the proportions of wage 
earners employed outside and inside, the percentage 
employed inside ranging from 91.2 per cent in Kansas 
to 76.8 per cent in North Dakota. These variations 
are due chiefly to different methods of mine operation 
and coal preparation, which also explain the variations 
in the proportions for the different occupations. 


The marked variations from state to state in the 
percentages for mines with coke manufacture are 
due chiefly to the fact that in some states most of 
the mines in this group coked a large part of their 
coal and hence required relatively more coke em¬ 
ployees, while other mines of this group made but 
little coke and had few employees of this kind. In 
the Connellsville district, a region of great coke 
production, miners and miners’ helpers constituted 
but 46 per cent of the total number of employees; 
while iu Kentucky, where coke production was 
relatively insignificant, this class constituted 83.5 
per cent of the total for mines with coke manufacture. 


Table 57 

STATE. 

PER CENT 

OF WAGE 
EARNERS EM¬ 
PLOYED— 

PER CENT OF WAGE EARNERS 
EMPLOYED AS— 

Aver¬ 
age 
num¬ 
ber of 
miners 
and 
miners’ 
helpers 
per 
mine. 

Out¬ 

side. 

In¬ 

side. 

Engi¬ 

neers, 

fire¬ 

men, 

and 

me¬ 

chan¬ 

ics. 

Miners 

and 

miners’ 

help¬ 

ers. 

Others 

16 

years 

and 

over. 

Bovs 

under 

16 

years. 

All mines: 








United States.... 

16.5 

83.5 

5.2 

67.4 

26.7 

0.7 

64 

MINES WITHOUT COKE 








MANUFACTURE. 








United States. 

11.8 

88.2 

5.1 

72.2 

22.2 

0.6 

59 

Alabama. 

14.6 

85.4 

6.3 

69.6 

23.0 

1.2 

49 

Arkansas. 

12.8 

87.2 

7.2 

69.6 

23.0 

0.2 

55 

Colorado. 

16.5 

83.5 

5.7 

67.2 

26.6 

0.4 

50 

Illinois. 

9.7 

90.3 

5.0 

71.9 

23.1 

0.1 

85 

Indiana. 

9.4 

90.6 

4.5 

76.6 

18.6 

0.2 

53 

Iowa. 

10.1 

89.9 

4.3 

74.2 

20.8 

0.7 

42 

Kansas. 

8.8 

91.2 

4.0 

78.0 

18.0 

G) 

49 

Kentucky. 

13.7 

86.3 

4.9 

73.5 

21.3 

0.4 

44 

Maryland. 

16.8 

83.2 

4.3 

66.1 

26.7 

2.8 

55 

Michigan. 

8.9 

91.1 

5.9 

78.3 

15.9 


100 

Missouri. 

10.4 

89.6 

3.7 

73.6 

22.4 

0.2 

32 

North Dakota. 

23.2 

76.8 

5.6 

67.8 

26.5 

0.1 

11 

Ohio. 

9.2 

90.8 

4.4 

74.7 

20.5 

0.4 

52 

Oklahoma. 

17.2 

82.8 

9.0 

61.4 

29.6 

C 1 ) 

52 

Oregon. 

15.9 

84.1 

11.2 

78.1 

10.8 


22 

Pennsylvania. 

10.5 

89.5 

4.5 

75.6 

19.2 

0.7 

74 

Tennessee. 

14.3 

85.7 

4.9 

69.1 

24.3 

1.7 

45 

Texas.. 

13.7 

86.3 

5.5 

75.4 

19. 1 


68 

Virginia. 

12.7 

87.3 

5.1 

63.4 

30.6 

0.9 

44 

Washington. 

21.0 

79.0 

8.1 

64.0 

27.4 

0.5 

73 

West Virginia. 

16.1 

83.9 

6.1 

63.0 

29.6 

1.4 

48 

Wyoming. 

16.3 

83.7 

5.8 

64.5 

29.7 

0.1 

78 

Ali other states 2 . 

20.4 

79.6 

10.4 

65.7 

23.6 

0.4 

46 

MINES WITH COKE MAN- 








UFACTURE. 








United States. 

31.9 

68.1 

5.7 

51.9 

41.4 

0.9 

108 

Alabama. 

37.8 

62.2 

10.4 

45.2 

41.9 

2.4 

148 

Colorado. 

33.1 

66.9 

7.3 

52.5 

40.0 

0.2 

178 

Kentucky. 

15.6 

84.4 

7.3 

83.5 

9.2 


131 

Pennsylvania. 

33.0 

67.0 

4.2 

51.6 

43.7 

0.5 

107 

Connellsville dist.... 

37.7 

62.3 

4.4 

46.0 

49.0 

0.5 

90 

Tennessee. 

23.6 

76.4 

4.3 

55.8 

36.5 

3.3 

115 

Virginia. 

39.9 

60. 1 

8.8 

43.4 

46.4 

1.4 

74 

Washington . 

35.9 

64.1 

9.7 

28.9 

61.4 


29 

West Virginia. 

27.6 

72.4 

6.2 

53.4 

39.3 

1.0 

97 

All other states 3 . 

26.8 

73.2 

6.1 

63.5 

27.5 

2.9 

161 


1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 

2 Includes California, Georgia, Idaho, Montana New Mexico, and Utah. 
* Includes Georgia, Montana, New Mexico, and Utah. 


Maximum and minimum numbers of wage earners 
reported, by states: 1909.—The next table gives, for 
different states, the number of wage earners em¬ 
ployed December 15, 1909, or the nearest repre¬ 
sentative day, 1 together with the number employed 
on the 15th day of the month of maximum employ¬ 
ment, and the number employed on the 15th day of 
the month of minimum employment, with the per 
cent which the latter forms of the maximum number. 


1 See footnote to text accompanying Table 18, Part I. 






































































































































































46 


COAL MINING 


Table 58 

Number 
of wage 
earners 

MAXIMUM 

MONTH. 

MINIMUM MONTH. 

STATE. 

Dec. 15, 
1909, 
or near¬ 
est repre¬ 
senta¬ 
tive 
day. 

Month. 

Number. 

Month. 

Number. 

Per 

cent 

of 

maxi¬ 

mum. 

All mines: 







United States. 

569,789 

Dec... 

560,089 

May.. 

478,455 

85.4 

MINES WITHOUT COKE 
MANUFACTURE. 







United States. 

435,414 

Dec... 

424,407 

May.. 

359,174 

84.6 

Alabama. 

11,721 

Dec... 

11,456 

July... 

9,884 

S6.3 

Arkansas. 

5,462 

Nov... 

5,253 

Apr... 

2,674 

50.9 

Colorado. 

10,368 

Dec... 

10,303 

July... 

7,235 

70.2 

Illinois. 

74,445 

Dec... 

71.193 

June.. 

58,799 

82.6 

Indiana. 

22,357 

Dec... 

21,31S 

June.. 

16,670 

78.2 

Iowa. 

17,623 

Dec... 

17,235 

June.. 

13,381 

77.6 

Kansas. 

12,791 

Dec... 

12,586 

May.. 

9,906 

12,984 

78.7 

Kentucky. 

17,935 

Dec... 

17,435 

May... 

74.5 

Maryland. 

5,798 

Jan... 

5,825 

Aug... 

5,257 

90.2 

Michigan. 

3,572 

Jan... 

3,703 

May... 

3,112 

84.0 

Missouri. 

9,526 

Dec... 

9,370 

May... 

5,616 

59.9 

North Dakota. 

857 

Dec... 

848 

June.. 

321 

37.9 

Ohio. 

44,405 

Nov... 

43,770 

Mav... 

36,684 

83.8 

Oklahoma. 

8,814 

Dec... 

8,720 

May... 

6,377 

73.1 

Oregon. 

251 

Feb... 

270 

July .. 

112 

41.5 

Pennsylvania. 

116,074 

Dec... 

113,913 

Apr... 

100,236 

88.0 

Tennessee. 

8,470 

Jan.... 

8,559 

Julv... 

7,633 

89.2 

Texas. 

4,234 

Oct... 

4,174 

Aug... 

3,896 

93.3 

Virginia. 

3,061 

July... 

3,343 

Feb... 

2,472 

73.9 

Washington. 

5,857 

Nov .. 

5,752 

/Mar... 

(Apr... 

| 5,376 

93.5 

W'est Virginia. 

36,463 

Nov .. 

35,901 

Mar... 

’ 31,862 

88.7 

W'yoming. 

7,839 

Dec... 

7,825 

July... 

6,563 

83.9 

All other states 1 . 

7,491 

Dec... 

7,404 

May... 

5,891 

79.6 

MINES WITH COKE MANU¬ 
FACTURE. 







United States. 

134,375 

Dec... 

135,682 

May.. 

119,281 

87.9 

Alabama. 

11,758 

Dec... 

13,171 

June.. 

10,292 

78.1 

Colorado. 

5,093 

Dec... 

5,093 

June.. 

4,313 

84.7 

Kentucky. 

1.720 

Jan.... 

1,849 

June.. 

1,595 

86.3 

Pennsylvania. 

68,334 

Dec... 

68,233 

Apr... 

58,584 

85.9 

Connellsville district. 

46,735 

Dec... 

46,656 

Apr... 

37,944 

81.3 

Tennessee. 

2.684 

Nov... 

2,717 

July... 

2,325 

85.6 

Virginia. 

6,981 

298 

Dec... 

6,981 

May... 

5,653 

81.0 

Washington. 

Mav... 

330 

Mai - ... 

282 

85.5 

W'est Virginia. 

33,203 

Nov... 

33,260 

Apr... 

30,995 

93.2 

All other states 2 . 

4,304 

Apr... 

4,583 

Oct... 

3,996 

87.2 


i Includes California, Georgia, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, and Utah. 
3 Includes Georgia, Montana, New Mexico, and Utah. 


The above table shows that in the United States as 
a whole the maximum number of wage earners reported 


in the industry on the 15th day of any month, namely, 
560,089, was employed December 15, 1909, while the 
minimum number reported, namely, 478,455, was 
employed May 15, 1909. For mines without coke 
manufacture Washington showed the greatest regu¬ 
larity of employment, with the minimum number 
employed equaling 93.5 per cent of the maximum. 
Next in order in this respect was Texas (93.3 per cent), 
Maryland (90.2 per cent), Tennessee (89.2 per cent), 
and West Virginia (88.7 per cent). North Dakota 
shoves the greatest irregularity, with the minimum 
number reported equaling only 37.9 per cent of the 
maximum. For mines with coke manufacture West 
Virginia showed the greatest regularity of employ¬ 
ment, the number of wage earners in the minimum 
month equaling 93.2 per cent of that in the maximum 
month, while the greatest variation is show'll for 
Alabama. 

Hours of labor, by states.—The following table gives, 
by states, the number and percentage of mines oper¬ 
ated specified numbers of hours per day or per shift, 
together with the percentage of the total number of 
wage earners (including those engaged in coke manu¬ 
facture) employed by each class of mines. As explained 
in connection with Table 19, the latter percentages 
can not be taken as show'ing precisely the relative 
number of w r age earners -working the number of hours 
specified—for example, engineers, firemen, pumpmen, 
etc., sometimes work longer hours than the general 
standard for the mine, and at some mines with coke 
ovens the coke men work longer hours than the 
mine employees. However, these percentages may be 
taken as showing roughly the general distribution of 
w 7 age earners according to hours of labor. Mines 
employing no wage earners are omitted from the 
table. 


BITUMINOUS COAL MINES CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE PREVAILING HOURS OF OPERATION PER DAY OR PER 

SHIFT. BY STATES: 1909. 


Table 59 

STATE. 

Total 
num¬ 
ber of 
mines. 

NUMBER OF 

MINES OPERATED (PER 
OR SHIFT)— 

DAY 

PER 

CENT OF TOTAL NUMBER OF MINES 
OPERATED— 

PER CENT OF WAGE EARNERS EMPLOYED 
IN MINES OPERATED— 

Less 

than 

8 

hours. 

8 

hours. 

9 

hours. 

10 

hours. 

12 

hours. 

Hours 

not 

speci¬ 

fied. 

Less 

than 

8 

hours. 

8 

hours. 

9 

hours. 

10 

hours. 

12 

hours. 

Hours 

not 

speci¬ 

fied. 

Less 

than 

8 

hours. 

8 

hours. 

9 

hours. 

10 

hours. 

12 

hours. 

Hours 

not 

speci¬ 

fied. 

Total. 

5,978 

65 

3,747 

810 

1,270 

9 

77 

1 .1* 

62.7 

13.5 

21.2 

0.2 

1.3 

0.4 

58.5 

13.8 

25.4 

0.9 

1.1 

Alabama. 

203 

2 

37 

51 

103 

3 

7 

1.0 

18.2 

25.1 

50.7 

1.5 

3.4 

0.1 

8.5 

26.5 

43.7 

14.3 

7.0 

Arkansas. 

69 


69 






100.0 






100.0 





Colorado. 

154 


70 

23 

61 




45.5 

14.9 

39.6 




28.7 

10.3 

61.0 



Illinois. 

628 

9 

600 

4 

6 


9 

1. 4 

95.5 

0.6 

1.0 


1.4 

0.6 

99.3 

0.1 

0.1 



Indiana. 

320 

15 

289 

6 

1 


9 

4. 7 

90.3 

1.9 

0.3 


2.8 

1.3 

98.3 

0.2 

0.2 



Iowa. 

308 

3 

291 

7 

3 


4 

1.0 

94.5 

2.3 

1.0 


1.3 

1. 4 

96.6 

0.3 

0.1 


1.6 

Kansas. 

199 

1 

167 

21 

2 


8 

0.5 

83.9 

10.6 

1.0 


4.0 

1. 4 

96. 7 

1. 7 

0.1 


0 ) 

Kentucky. 

310 

3 

93 

85 

127 


2 

1.0 

30.0 

27.4 

41.0 


0.6 

1.0 

32. 8 

24. 4 

41. S 


Maryland. 

70 

1 

5 

11 

53 



1. 4 

7.1 

15. 7 

75.7 



0.1 

0.3 

12.7 

86.9 



Michigan. 

28 

1 

26 

1 




3.6 

92.9 

3.6 




0.3 

98.5 

1.3 




Missouri. 

217 


192 

18 

2 


5 


88.5 

8.3 

0.9 


2.3 

97.8 

1.8 

0.2 

0.1 


Montana. 

65 

2 

63 





3.1 

96.9 




0.3 

99. 7 


New Mexico. 

27 


3 

10 

14 




11.1 

37.0 

51.9 



1.0 

25.8 

73.2 



North Dakota. 

51 

1 

18 

11 

21 



2.0 

35.3 

21.6 

41.2 



0.9 

26.8 

16.7 

55.6 



Ohio. 

634 

8 

591 

21 

14 



1.3 

93. 2 

3.3 

2.2 



0.8 

97. 7 

1.2 

6 2 



Oklahoma. 

104 

1 

97 


6 



0.9 

93.3 


5.8 



0. 2 

98.0 

1.8 



Oregon. 

9 


7 

1 

1 




77.8 

11.1 

11.1 




45.0 

1.2 

53 8 



Pennsylvania. 

1,502 

14 

904 

310 

268 

2 

4 

0.9 

60.2 

20.6 

17.8 

0.1 

0.3 

0.1 

52.4 

23.6 

23.2 

0.8 

(*) 

Tennessee. 

140 

2 

17 

80 

34 

4 

3 

1.4 

12.1 

57.1 

24.3 

2.9 

2.1 

1.4 

10.1 

47.7 

32.6 

1.6 

6.8 

Texas. 

47 


27 

2 

16 


2 


57. 4 

4.3 

34.0 


4.3 


69.5 

1.5 

27 5 


1.6 

Utah. 

22 


19 

1 



2 


86.4 

4.5 



9..1 


99.8 

0.2 



Virginia... 

85 


3 

11 

68 


3 


3.5 

12.9 

80.0 


3.5 


0.6 

5. 7 

89 6 


4.0 

Washington. 

54 


51 

1 

1 


1 


94.4 

1.9 

1.9 


1.9 


98.8 

0.9 

0.3 


W 7 est Virginia. 

659 

2 

42 

132 

466 


17 

0.3 

6. 4 

20.0 

70. 7 


2.6 

0.4 

2. 7 

18. 8 

74. 0 


4.2 

Wyoming. 

65 


59 

2 

3 


1 


90.8 

3.1 

4.6 


1.5 


99.5 

0.1 

0.5 


All otherstates 2 . 

8 


7 

1 





87.5 

12.5 





16.5 

83.5 























1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 2 Includes California, Georgia, and Idaho. 


















































































































































































































































BITUMINOUS COAL. 


47 


The table shows that nearly 60 per cent of all the 
wage earners were employed in mines operated on 
an 8-hour basis; nearly 14 per cent in mines oper¬ 
ated on a 9-hour basis; and about 25 per cent in mines 
operated on a 10-hour basis. There was considerable 
variation in the prevailing hours of labor in different 


states. In Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Ohio, in some dis¬ 
tricts of Pennsylvania, and in various other fields, the 
time of operation was fixed at 8 hours by agreement 
between the operators and the mine workers. In 
most other states the most common working time was 
9 or 10 hours per day. 


POWER. 


Mines operated with and without mechanical power, 
by states: 1909.—The following table classifies bitu¬ 
minous coal mines according to their operation with 
or without mechanical power, gives the number of 
mines and total output for each class and the average 
horsepower per mine for mines using mechanical 
power (including that used in coke manufacture, 
which is relatively unimportant). It should be re¬ 
membered that the many small mines or banks pro¬ 
ducing less than 1,000 tons each—most of which use 
no mechanical power—were not canvassed at the 
census of 1909. 


Table 60 

STATE. 

NUMBER OF 
MINES. 

Average horsepower per mine 
with power. 

TONS (2,000 POUNDS) 
OF COAL PRODUCED 
BY MINES— 

PER CENT 
OF COAL 
PRO¬ 
DUCED BY 
MINES— 

Total. 

With power. 

Without power. 

With 

power. 

Without 

power. 

With power. 

Without power. 

All mines: 









United States. 

6,013 

4.584 

1,429 

268 

366,962,460 

9,903,050 

97.4 

2.6 

MINES WITHOUT COKE 









MANUFACTURE. 









United States.... 

5,365 

3.943 

1,422 

231 

270,888,623 

9,763,417 

96.5 

3.5 

Alabama. 

167 

128 

39 

147 

6,042,774 

473,148 

92.7 

7.3 

Arkansas. 

69 

60 

9 

175 

2,336,613 

37,006 

98.4 

1.6 

Colorado. 

140 

117 

23 

234 

6,855,459 

139,297 

98.0 

2.0 

Illinois. 

631 

564 

67 

295 

50,241,053 

329,450 

99.3 

0.7 

Indiana. 

322 

266 

56 

173 

14,582,185 

141,046 

99.0 

1.0 

Iowa. 

311 

219 

92 

87 

7,391,029 

334,650 

95.7 

4.3 

Kansas. 

202 

154 

48 

128 

6,771,665 

123,995 

98.2 

1.8 

Kentucky. 

299 

205 

94 

187 

8,539,351 

846,827 

91.0 

9.0 

Maryland. 

70 

49 

21 

201 

3,808,065 

193,207 

95.2 

4.8 


28 

28 


283 

1,772,315 


100.0 


Missouri. 

220 

142 

78 

84 

3,360,805 

235,886 

93.4 

6.6 

North Dakota. 

53 

19 

34 

107 

280,191 

84,345 

76.9 

23.1 

Ohio. 

640 

390 

250 

250 

26,495,762 

1,023,002 

96.3 

3.7 

Oklahoma-. 

104 

92 

12 

286 

3,057,934 

55,215 

98.2 

1.8 

Oregon. 

9 

7 

2 

158 

80,104 

3,600 

95.7 

4.3 

Pennsylvania. 

1,179 

759 

420 

314 

81,211,428 

3,892,521 

95.4 

4.6 

Tennessee. 

129 

90 

39 

129 

4,081,751 

575,506 

87.6 

12.4 

Texas. 

47 

45 

2 

138 

1,820,825 

3,917 

99.8 

0.2 

Virginia. 

44 

31 

13 

168 

1,385,570 

104,565 

93.0 

7.0 

Washington. 

51 

48 

3 

339 

3,486,890 

9,352 

99.7 

0.3 

West Virginia.:. 

479 

413 

66 

192 

26,209,829 

957,102 

96.5 

3.5 

W yoming. 

65 

53 

12 

530 

6,241,860 

52,736 

99.2 

0.8 

All otherstates 1 . 

106 

64 

42 

367 

4,835,165 

147,044 

97.0 

3.0 

MINES WITH COKE MANU- 









FACTURE. 









United States.... 

648 

641 

7 

494 

96,073,837 

139,633 

99.9 

0.1 


36 

36 


981 

7,160,639 


100.0 



15 

15 


449 

3; 648,112 


100.0 



11 

IT 


537 

i; 175,098 


100.0 


Pennsylvania. 

330 

325 

5 

512 

( 2 ) 

(*) 

<*) 

( 2 ) 

Connells ville district. 

238 

235 

3 

473 

( 2 ) 

( 2 ) 

(*) 

( 2 ) 


13 

13 


346 

1,315,673 


100. 0 


Virginia. 

4i 

40 

1 

285 

( 2 ) 

( 2 ) 

( 2 ) 

(*) 


3 

3 


187 

104,971 


100. 0 


West Virginia. 

182 

181 

1 

422 

( 2 ) ' 

( 2 ) 

( 2 ) 

( 2 ) 


17 

17 


557 

2,820,225 


100.0 


All u mci o ttt ico ......... 







1 Includes California, Georgia, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, and Utah. 

2 Omitted in order to avoid disclosing operations of individual operators. 

3 Includes Georgia, Montana, New Mexico, and Utah. 


These figures show that 1,429 mines, or nearly one- 
fourth of the entire number reporting, operated with¬ 


out the use of mechanical power in 1909; only 7 of 
these had coke manufacture. Mines without power are 
widely distributed among the states, but their rela¬ 
tive importance is much greater in some states than 
in others. Such mines generally are small irregular 
producers depending largely on local trade. (See also 
Table 53.) For the United States these mines showed 
in 1909 an average output of less than 7,000 tons per 
mine as compared with about 80,000 tons for mines 
operated with mechanical power. 

The variations in average horsepower per mine from 
state to state are due to differences in the kind of mine 
openings, the scale of production, the methods of 
operation, and the degree of development reached. 

It will be observed that mines combining coal mining 
with coke manufacture show a much greater average 
horsepower per mine than mines without coke ovens. 
This is due, not so much to the need of power for the 
operation of the coke-yard machinery as to the fact 
that the mines of this group are generally much larger 
mines than those without coke manufacture. The 
average output of such mines was nearly 150,000 tons 
per mine, as compared with an average of less than 
55,000 tons for mines without coke manufacture. 

Comparative statistics of power, by states: 1909 
and 1902.—The next table gives, by states, for 1909 
and 1902, the total primary horsepower used in bitumi¬ 
nous coal mines, the number and horsepower of steam 
engines, the number and horsepower of electric motors 
run by current generated by the operators themselves, 
together with the percentage of increase in the various 
items. The difference—comparatively small—between 
total primary power and power of steam engines is 
represented chiefly by the power of electric motors 
operated by purchased current. (See Table 62.) 

In preparing this table no deduction was made on 
account of power used for coke manufacture at the 
mines, since one power plant ordinarily suffices for both 
mine and ovens, and since only a relatively small 
amount of the total power is used in coke manufacture. 

The table shows a great increase in the use of me¬ 
chanical power from 1902 to 1909. For the entire 
United States steam engines show an increase of 80.2 
per cent in number and 145.5 per cent in total horse¬ 
power while the average horsepower per engine 
increased from 75 to 102 horsepower, or 36 per cent. 
Electric motors run by current generated by the mine 
operators increased 635 per cent in number and 400 
per cent in total horsepower. This advance in the use 
of power was much more rapid than the increase in 













































































































48 


COAL MINING 


coal production, as shown by the fact that the total 
output of coal from 1902 to 1909 increased but 45 
per cent, while the total primary horsepower increased 
nearly 150 per cent. The greatest percentages of 
increase in primary horsepower appeared in the follow¬ 
ing states: Kentucky, 267.1 per cent; West Virginia, 
247.6percent; Texas,228.1 percent; Tennessee, 199.2 
percent; Pennsylvania, 196.1 per cent; and Alabama, 
194.7 per cent. In the same period the coal output 
of these states increased as follows: Kentucky, 56.1 
per cent; West Virginia, 109.6 per cent; Texas, 102.3 


per cent; Tennessee, 44.9 per cent; Pennsylvania, 
39.3 per cent; and Alabama, 32.1 per cent. The low¬ 
est percentages of increase in total horsepower were in 
Maryland, Missouri, Iowa, Wyoming, Arkansas, Wash¬ 
ington, and Kansas; but even in these states the 
increase in total horsepower was far greater than the 
increase in the coal output for the same period. These 
figures of increase in the use of power reflect the gen¬ 
eral improvement in the scale of production and in 
various details of mine operation which has charac¬ 
terized this period. 


STEAM ENGINES AND POWER AT BITUMINOUS COAL MINES, BY STATES: 1909 AND 1902. 


Table 61 

STATE. 

Cen¬ 

sus. 

Total 

primary 

horse¬ 

power. 

STEAM 

ENGINES. 

ELECTRIC 
MOTORS RUN 
BY CURRENT 
GENERATED 

BY THE MINE 
OPERATORS. 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Horse¬ 

power. 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Horse¬ 

power. 

United States. 

! 1909 

1.227,401 

11,738 

1,199,430 

9,717 

329,298 


1902 

493,148 

6,513 

488,478 

1,322 

65,927 

Per cent of increase.... 


148.9 

80.2 

145.5 

635.0 

399.5 

Alabama. 

1909 

54,084 

503 

53,334 

366 

11,584 


1902 

18,350 

279 

18,264 



Per cent of increase. 


194.7 

80.3 

192.0 



Arkansas. 

1909 

10,508 

140 

10,508 

20 

1,746 


1902 

6,437 

153 

6,432 

15 

940 

Per cent of increase 1 .... 


63.2 

—8.5 

63.4 

33.3 

85.7 

Colorado. 

1909 

34,085 

404 

32,132 

281 

9,816 


1902 

16,449 

258 

16,192 

83 

3,276 

Per cent of increase... 


107. 2 

56.6 

9S. 4 

238.6 

199.6 

Illinois. 

1909 

166,174 

1,987 

165,441 

298 

12,165 


1902 

78,586 

1,212 

78,493 

102 

4,322 

Per cent of increase. 


111.5 

63.9 

110.8 

192.2 

181.5 

Indiana. 

1909 

45,910 

577 

45,739 

187 

7,476 


1902 

22,045 

393 

22,026 

29 

2,247 

Per cent of increase. 


108.3 

46.8 

107.7 

544.8 

232.7 1 

Iowa. 

1909 

19,118 

354 

18,746 

32 

1,375 


1902 

11,815 

298 

11,673 

14 

296 

Per cent of increase. 


61. S 

18.8 

60.6 

128.6 

364.5 

Kansas. 

1909 

19.707 

330 

19,604 

15 

960 


1902 

11,812 

220 

11,795 

9 

270 

Per cent of increase. 


66.8 

50.0 

66 . 2 

66.7 

255.6 

Kentucky. 

1909 

44,314 

563 

43,230 

354 

11,736 i 


1902 

12,071 

191 

11,881 

40 

1,824 

Per cent of increase. 


267.1 

194.8 

263.9 


513.4 

Maryland.! 

1909 

9,845 | 

194 

9,795 

40 

1,273 


1902 

7,624 

54 

7,612 



Per cent of increase. 


29.1 

259.3 

28. 7 



Michigan. 

1909 

7,912 

94 

7,900 

47 

2,162 ! 


1902 

3,701 

46 

3,699 

12 

376 

Per cent of increase.1 


113.8 

104. 3 

113.6 

291.7 >' 

475.0 

Missouri. ! 

1909 

11,898 

238 

11,619 

78 

2,042 


1902 

8,220 

190 

8,184 

7 

300 

Per cent of increase. 


44.7 

25.3 

42.0 

1,014.3 

580.7 1 


STATE. 

Cen¬ 

sus. 

Total 

primary 

horse¬ 

power. 

! STEAM ENGINES. 

ELECTRIC 
MOTORS RUN 
BY CURRENT 
GENERATED 
BY THE MINE 
OPERATORS. 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Horse¬ 

power. 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Horse¬ 

power. 

North Dakota. 

1909 

2,025 

37 

2,014 

26 

565 


1902 

839 

21 

839 

12 

86 

Per cent of increase. 


141.4 

76.2 

140.0 

116.7 

557.0 

Ohio. 

1909 

97,422 

1,003 

95,545 

1,211 

35,501 


1902 

45,790 

597 

45,517 

131 

5,527 

Per cent of increase.. .. 


112.8 

68.0 

109.9 

824.4 

542.3 

Oklahoma. 

1909 

26,316 

277 

25,881 

31 

1,700 


1902 

12,709 

169 

12,709 

9 

290 

Per cent of increase. 


107.1 

63. 9 

103.6 

244.4 

486.2 

Oregon. 

1909 

1,109 

15 

1,109 

9 

200 


1902 

527 

11 

527 



Per cent of increase. 


110 4 

36.4 

110.4 



Pennsylvania. 

1909 

404,654 

2,993 

393,371 

3,617 

115,195 


1902 

136,666 

1,440 

134,932 

432 

20,508 

Per cent of increase. 


196.1 

107.8 

191.5 

737.3 

461.7 

Tennessee. 

1909 

16,075 

153 

16,027 

103 

4,054 


1902 

5,372 

65 

5,278 

12 

760 

Per cent of increase. 


199 2 

135.4 

203. 7 

758.3 

433.4 

Texas. 

1909 

6,217 

92 

6,217 




1902 

1,895 

53 

1,895 

1 

40 

Per cent of increase 1 ... 


228 1 

73.6 

228.1 

— 100.0 

— 100 0 

Virginia. 

1909 

16,630 

128 

16,451 

296 

9,775 


1902 

6,221 

52 

5,846 

2 S 

1,280 

Per cent of increase. 


167 3 

146.2 

181.4 

957.1 

663.7 

Washington. 

1909 

16,812 

133 

16,300 

169 

5,834 


1902 

10,146 

85 

9,116 

77 

2,133 

Per cent of increase. 


65.7 

56.5 

78.8 

119.5 

173 5 

West Virginia. 

1909 

155,576 

1,114 

149,815 

2,232 

81,598 


1902 

44,757 

433 

44,495 

217 

16,894 

Per cent of increase. 


247.6 

157.3 

236.7 

928.6 

3*3 0 

Wyoming. 

1909 

28,071 

172 

27,356 

79 

2,461 


1902 

17,283 

132 

17,283 

24 

1,079 

Per cent of increase. 


62 4 

30.3 

58.3 

229. 2 

128 1 

All other states 2 . 

1909 

32,939 

237 

31,296 

226 

10,080 


1902 

13,S33 

161 

13,790 

68 

3,479 

Per cent of increase. 


138.1 

47.2 

126.9 

232.4 

189.7 


1 A minus sign f—) denotes decrease. 

2 Includes California, Georgia, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, and Utah in 1909; Alaska, California, Georgia, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, North Carolina, and 
Utah in 1902. 







































































































































PART IV.—GENERAL STATISTICS: 1909. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The principal, statistics obtained by the census of 
coal mines in 1909 are given for the different states 
in the following general summary. The table gives 
for the United States as a whole the data obtained not 
only for producing, but also for nonproducing mines, 
that is, those which were in course of development but 
which did not reach the producing stage during the 
year 1909. These data for nonproducing mines could 
not be published for the several states because of the 
disclosure of individual operations and are not included 
in any other table. This general summary does not 
include any statistics of mines operated by state penal 
institutions, nor of mines for which the operators 
failed to furnish full reports as to capital, expenses, 
employees, etc. The quantity and value of the coal 
produced by thqse mines—about 2,000,000 tons—are 
included in Tables 2, 4, 5, and 7, of Part I. 

In the states of Alabama, Colorado, Kentucky, 
Montana, New Mexico, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, 
Utah, Virginia, Washington, and West Virginia coke 
is manufactured at many coal mines, and the returns 
received from numerous operators in these states 
covered coal mining and coke making combined. In 
view o»f this condition of the returns, and for the other 
reasons given in the Introduction to this report, it was 
deemed advisable, in general, to present combined 
statistics of coal mining and coke manufacture where 
the two enterprises were conducted in combination. 
Accordingly, the totals given in this summary for the 
above states and for the United States include both 
coal mining and coke making at the mines. The sta¬ 
tistics given in the upper portion of the table for 
Alabama, Colorado, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Tennes¬ 
see, Virginia, Washington, and West Virginia are sub¬ 
divided in the lower portion under the headings (1) 
“ Producing bituminous coal mines without coke manu¬ 
facture,” and (2) “Producing bituminous coal mines 
with coke manufacture.” Under the first heading are 
given the statistics of mines in these states at which 
coke was not made, while under the second heading 
are given the combined statistics of coal mining and 
coke making for the mines at which coke manufac¬ 
ture was combined with mine operation. Such sub¬ 
division of the returns for Montana, New Mexico, and 
Utah could not be made on account of disclosing the 
business of individual concerns. It is recognized that 
for various reasons, such as comparison with the sta¬ 
tistics of previous years, it is desirable to present cer¬ 
tain data for coal mining in 1909 exclusive of coke 
manufacture. Accordingly, in Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 
and 11, of Part I, and Tables 33, 34, 35, 36, 42, and 


51, of Part III, the figures have been adjusted to give 
statistics of coal mining only, by deducting the esti¬ 
mated capital, expenses, wage earners, etc., attributable 
to the manufacture of coke at the mines. 

The figures given for the anthracite industry include 
the statistics of river dredges and washeries, as well 
as of mines proper. The returns for river dredges are 
summarized in Table 21, and separate statistics for 
mines and for washeries are given in Table 28, Part II. 

Stated briefly, then, the United States total for all 
mines, given in this general summary, is the total for 
all anthracite and bituminous enterprises, both pro¬ 
ducing and nonproducing, which rendered complete 
reports of their operations; the figures for anthracite 
coal cover river dredges and washeries, as well as 
mines proper, while those for bituminous include both 
coal mining and coke manufacture at the mines. 

In the preliminary definitions and explanations, 
given in the Introduction to this report, the limitations 
of the census data are stated, the terms used are 
defined, and the methods of presenting the figures are 
explained in detail. These definitions and explana¬ 
tions relate to the scope of the census of coal mines, 
the period covered by the returns, the close connec¬ 
tion of coal mining with coke manufacture at many 
mines, the treatment of subsidiary companies in deter¬ 
mining the number of operators, the acreage of coal 
land controlled by coal mining concerns, the amount 
of capital invested, the expenses reported, the use of 
long and short tons in the statistics, the value of 
products, the number of persons engaged in the indus¬ 
try, and the figures for primary horsepower. Par¬ 
ticular attention is directed to the remarks concern¬ 
ing the expenses reported. Those remarks consider 
mine development and depreciation, point out the 
limitations of the data obtained, give a full account of 
the method of dealing with administrative expenses 
of general offices when these were reported in toto by 
companies operating bituminous mines in more than 
one state, define the “gross” and “net” expenses 
shown for the anthracite industry, and give detailed 
explanations pertaining to the figures presented for 
wages, cost of supplies, and miscellaneous expenses. 
Attention is also directed to the remarks under “Value 
of products,” referring not only to the amounts given 
for mines combining coal mining with coke manufac¬ 
ture, but also to the possible difference between the 
reported and the market value of products. All the 
definitions and explanations given in the Introduc¬ 
tion must be taken into account in considering the 
statistics presented in this general summary. 


( 49 ) 




50 


COAL MINING. 

COAL MINES—GENERAL STATISTICS, BY STATES: 1909. 



Table 62 (pp. 50-55). 

STATE. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
mines. 

LAND CONTROLLED (ACRES). 

Capital. 

All land. 

Coal land. 

Timber 

land. 

Other 

land. 

Total. 

Owned. 

Held under 
lease. 

Total. 

Owned. 

Held under 
lease. 

1 

UNITED STATES—All mines... 

6,497 

i 8,272,962 

6,006,938 

2,277,713 

i 6,932,730 

4,782,470 

2,161,235 

437.956 

1 902,276 

2 $1,318,550,554 


ANTHRACITE 











2 

All mines. 

« 429 

i 465,647 

316,868 

160,468 

i 274,870 

183,144 

102,701 

71,851 

1 118,926 

246,950,806 

3 

Nonproducing mines. 

6 

513 

1 

512 

511 


511 


2 

22,728 

4 

Producing mines. 

6 423 

i 465,134 

316,867 

159,956 

i 274,359 

183,144 

102,190 

71,851 

1 118,924 

246,928,078 

5 

Pennsylvania. 

8 420 

1 464,274 

316,767 

159,196 

i 273,499 

183,044 

101,430 

71,851 

1 118,924 

246,713,318 

6 

Colorado and New Mexico. 

3 

860 

100 

760 

860 

100 

760 



214,760 


BITUMINOUS 











7 

All mines. 

6,068 

7,807,315 

5,690,070 

2,117,245 

6,657,860 

4,599,326 

2,058,534 

366,105 

783,350 

2 1,071,599,748 

8 

Nonproducing mines. 

55 

89,700 

54,827 

34,873 

S4,674 

49,914 

34,760 

2,740 

2,286 

9,402,665 


Producing mines: 











9 

United States. 

6,013 

7,717,615 

5,635,243 

2,082,372 

6,573,186 

4,549,412 

2,023,774 

363,365 

781,064 

2 1,062,197,083 

10 

Alabama. . 

203 

776,244 

701,790 

74,454 

599,259 

525,355 

73,904 

126,790 

50,195 

59,602,396 

11 

Arkansas. 

69 

54,686 

24,137 

30,549 

54,359 

23,885 

30,474 

130 

197 

2,256,942 

12 

Colorado. 

155 

113,636 

84,915 

28,721 

92,942 

65,101 

27, S41 

400, 

20,294 

30,534,933 

13 

Illinois. 

631 

585,366 

424,739 

160,627 

552,396 

395,965 

156,431 

3,255 

29,715 

75,257,667 

14 

Indiana. 

32C 

155,576 

117,619 

37,957 

140,244 

103,910 

30,334 

3,436 

11,896 

35,937,961 

15 

Iowa. 

311 

77,796 

26,771 

51,025 

70,192 

20,152 

50,040 

472 

7,132 

7,212,033 

16 

Kansas. 

202 

83,869 

50,205 

27,664 

SO 459 

53 340 

27,119 


3,410 

6,262,203 

17 

Kentucky. 

310 

399,846 

280,053 

119,793 

364,669 

247,006 

117,603 

16,538 

18 ,639 

24; 700i533 

18 

Maryland. 

70 

92,814 

88,129 

4,6S5 

68,220 

63,596 

4,624 

8,345 

16,249 

22,871,136 

19 

Michigan. 

28 

25,661 

6,222 

19,439 

23,135 

3,696 

19,439 

4 

2,522 

6,865,156 

20 

Missouri. 

220 

119,822 

74,519 

45,303 

116,108 

70,805 

45,303 

160 

3,554 

5,650,407 

21 

Montana. 

65 

54,335 

44,098 

10,237 

49,825 

39,588 

10,237 

1,880 

2,630 

8,546,343 

22 

New Mexico. 

28 

294,318 

240,124 

54,104 

115 54Q 

64 Q9Q 

50,620 


178,769 

23,558,127 

23 

North Dakota. 

53 

14,695 

12,300 

2,305 

in!356 

7*971 

2,385 


4,339 

1,023,278 

24 

Ohio. 

640 

432,204 

283,439 

148,765 

406,336 

260,423 

145,913 

5,767 

20,101 

64,131,141 

25 

Oklahoma. 

104 

82,504 

910 

81,594 

75,744 

910 

74,834 

6,720 

40 

5,672,886 

26 

Oregon. 

9 

6,630 

4,960 

1,670 

3,122 

1,452 

1,670 

2,910 

598 

642,410 

27 

Pennsylvania. 

1,509 

1,965,568 

1,604,753 

360,815 

1,673,537 

1,321,981 

351,556 

38,573 

253,458 

417,598,630 

28 

Tennessee. 

142 

661,507 

548,247 

113,260 

458,924 

353,954 

104,970 

128,540 

74,043 

20,329,066 

29 

Texas. 

47 

130,063 

108,132 

21,931 

125,774 

104,513 

21,261 

80 

4,209 

5,894,898 

30 

Utah. 

22 

27,541 

27,341 

200 

17,341 

17,221 

120 

4,600 

5,600 

5,856,501 

31 

Virginia. 

85 

170,479 

86,282 

84,197 

169,296 

85,217 

84,079 

710 

473 

42,337,222 

32 

Washington. 

54 

98,167 

76,271 

21,896 

88,611 

67,635 

20,976 

620 

8,936 

13,799,480 

33 

West Virginia. 

661 

1,176,860 

611,023 

565,837 

1,134,485 

583,263 

551,222 

13,435 

28,940 

14S, 802,294 

34 

Wyoming. 


70,908 


15,164 

64 7S3 

50 024 

14,759 


6,125 

7,609,229 

35 

All other states 1 2 * 4 * * * 8 . 

8 

46,520 

46,520 

17,520 

17,520 



29,000 

1,014,823 








Producing bituminous mines without 












coke manufacture 











36 

Alabama. 

167 

241,651 

169,597 

72,054 

231,765 

160,261 

71,504 

1,790 

8,096 

19,632,647 

37 

Colorado. 

140 

83,081 

58,380 

24,701 

65,047 

41,226 

23,821 

400 

17,634 

18,046,592 

38 

Kentucky. 

299 

348,861 

229,068 

119,793 

332,084 

214,421 

117,663 

838 

15,939 

22,807,715 

39 

Pennsylvania. 

1,179 

1,568,407 

1,273,202 

295,205 

1,338,003 

1,050,246 

287,757 

33,761 

196,643 

227,746,738 

40 

Tennessee. 

129 

367,064 

261,804 

105,260 

329,650 

232,680 

96,970 

26,540 

10,874 

9,830,983 

41 

Virginia. 

44 

36,263 

12,418 

23,845 

35,190 

11,353 

23,837 

600 

473 

21,846,844 

42 

Washington. 

51 

92,269 

74,931 

17,338 

83,313 

66,295 

17,018 

620 

8,336 

13,040,936 

43 

West Virginia. 

479 

596,979 

236,585 

360,394 

565,457 

215,401 

350,056 

11,353 

20,169 

77,677,068 


Producing bituminous mines with coke 












manufacture 











44 

Alabama. 

36 

534,593 

532,193 

2,400 

367,494 

. 365,094 

2,400 

125,000 

42,099 

39,969,749 

45 

Colorado. 

15 

30,555 

26,535 

4,020 

27,S95 

23,875 

4,020 


2,660 

12,4SS, 341 

46 

Kentucky. 

ii 

50,985 

50,985 

32,5,85 

32,585 

15,700 

2,700 

1,892,818 

4T 

Pennsylvania. 

330 

397,161 

331,551 

65,610 

335i534 

271,735 

63,799 

4 ,812 

56,815 

189,851,892 

48 

Tennessee. 

13 

294,443 

286,443 

8,000 

129,274 

121,274 

8,000 

102,000 

63,169 

10,498,083 

49 

Virginia. 

41 

134,216 

73,864 

60,352 

134,106 

73,864 

60,242 

110 


20,490,378 

50 

Washington. 

3 

5,898 

1,340 

4,558 

5,298 

1,340 

3,958 


600 

758,544 

51 

West Virginia. 

182 

579,881 

374,438 

205,443 

569,028 

367,862 

201,166 

2,082 

8,771 

71,125,226 


1 Exclusive of duplications due to the fact that anthracite operators reported 11,689 acres, both in acres owned and in acres held under lease, of which 10,975 acres were 
coal land and 714 acres were other land. See Introduction, “ Coal land controlled.” 

2 The United States total includes 818,229,388 not distributed by states, due to the fact that several operators with bituminous mines in more than one state repor ed 
capital as a whole without segregating the investment for each state. The states affected are Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, Oklahoma, 
Pennsylvania, Washington, West Virginia, and Wyoming. 

s See Notes 5 and 7. 

4 The statistics of salaries for the United States include $897,857, salaries of officials, and $625,499, salaries of clerks, etc., employed in general offices; these amounts are 

not included in the statistics of salaries for the individual states, but are included under sundries in the expenses of the several states. Similarly for the United States the 

statistics of taxes include $172,937 and the statistics of contract work include $57,174, reported by general offices, which have been included for the several states, not under 

the heads of taxes and contract work, respectively, but under sundries. The states affected by these items of salaries, taxes, and contract work are the following: Arkan¬ 
sas, Colorado, Illinois. Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma^ Pennsylvania, Texas, Washington, and West Virginia. See Introduction, 

‘‘Administrative expenses of general offices.” 




























































































































































STATISTICS BY STATES. 

COAL MINES—GENERAL STATISTICS, BY STATES: 1909. 


51 


EXPENSES OF OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT. 





Services. 



Supplies. 




Miscellaneous. 





Salaries. 











Aggregate. 

Total. 

Salaried 
officers of 
corporations, 
superintend¬ 
ents, and 
managers. 

Clerks and 
other sub¬ 
ordinate 
salaried 
employees. 

Wages. 

Total. 

Fuel and 
rent of 
power. 

Other. 

Royalties. 

Total. 

Taxes. 

Contract 

work. 

Rent of 
offices and 
sundries. 

1 

3 $531,351,592 

'$413,363,645 

'$15,086,587 

>$11,360,445 

$386,916,613 

= $74,934,946 

$10,707,873 

= $64,227,073 

$20,067,727 

•$27,877,543 

>$7,178,898 

•$4,126,847 

•$16,571,798 

2 

' 134,695,699 

97,084,561 

2,324,374 

2,269,090 

92,491,097 

26,759,485 

3,195,789 

23,563,696 

7,981,639 

7,762,283 

2,685,633 

1,702,865 

3,373,785 

3 

i244,145 

183,598 

7,151 

3,009 

173,438 

61,519 

2,563 

58,956 

900 

17,484 

3,756 

1,351 

12,377 

3,361,408 

4 

7 134,451,554 

96,900,963 

2,317,223 

2,266,081 

92,317,659 

26,697,966 

3,193,226 

23,504,740 

7,980,739 

7,744,799 

2,681,877 

1,701,514 

5 

7134,245,600 

96,742,395 

2,311,003 

2,261,486 

92,169,906 

26,662,088 

3,189,279 

23,472,809 

7,969,785 

7,736,176 

2,677,853 

1,701,514 

3,356,809 

6 

7 205,954 

158,568 

6,220 

4,595 

147,753. 

35,878 

3,947 

31,931 

10,954 

8,623 

4,024 


4,599 

7 

5 396,655,893 

4 316,279,084 

4 12,762,213 

4 9,091,355 

294,425,516 

= 48,175,461 

7,512,084 

= 40,663,377 

12,086,088 

•20,115,260 

>4,493,265 

>2,423,982 

>13,198,013 

8 

748,867 

281,701 

37,795 

14,878 

229,028 

166,814 

2,137 

164,677 

3,600 

296,752 

11,449 

214,310 

70,993 

9 

5 395,907,026 

4 315,997,383 

4 12,724,418 

4 9,076,477 

294,196.488 

8 48,008,647 

7,509,947 

= 40,498,700 

12,082,488 

>19,818,508 

>4,481,816 

>2,209,672 

>13,127,020 

10 

=16,868,435 

12,270,925 

687,371 

560,841 

11,022,713 

5 2,348,650 

585,984 

= 1,762,666 

224,829 

2,024,031 

139,448 

751,384 

1,133,199 

11 

3,630,526 

4 2,924,194 

4 109,071 

4 56,996 

2,758,127 

362,212 

89,981 

272,231 

163,896 

4 ISO,224 

4 10,250 

4 26,511 

> 143,463 

12 

8 14,279,495 

4 11,096,066 

4 413,970 

4 298,330 

10,383,766 

5 2,167,167 

303,980 

= 1,863,187 

430,136 

4 586,126 

4 133,126 

4 9,139 

4 443,861 

4 1,710,297 

13 

51,697,504 

4 44,074,914 

4 1,324,355 

4 759,313 

41,991,246 

4,944,371 

1,005,253 

3,939,118 

744,860 

4 1,933,359 

4 171,582 

4 51,480 

14 

14,906,831 

4 12,877,655 

<381,914 

4 222,197 

12,273,544 

1,198,974 

214,621 

984,353 

240,494 

4 589,708 

4 83,230 

4 10,674 

4 495,804 

15 

12,816,076 

4 10,851,841 

*280,146 

4 188,023 

10,383,672 

1,330,436 

125,214 

1,205,222 

322,673 

4 311,126 

<38,484 

4 38,266 

<234,376 

16 

9,778,297 

4 8,393,193 

4 154,291 

<132,232 

8,106,670 

609,521 

100,975 

508,546 

266,545 

4 509,038 

4 705,306 

4 18,394 

4 49,793 

4 440,851 

17 

10,171,949 

4 7,943,284 

I <523,880 

4 266,042 

7,153,362 

1,198,120 

173,453 

1,024,667 

325,239 

<67,946 

4 86,660 

4 550,700 

18 

3,941,359 

4 2,935,410 

4 111,261 

4 110,855 

2,713,294 

408,227 

35,719 

372,508 

95,757 

4 501,965 

4 79,726 

4 1,653 

4 420,586 

19 

2,985,802 

2,392,412 

87,445 

37,695 

2,267,272 

325,517 

30,266 

295,251 

61,555 

206,318 

14,439 

2,203 

189,676 

20 

5,715,727 

4 4,905,202 

4 148,745 

<60,485 

4,695,972 

397,068 

75,688 

321,380 

160,182 

<253,275 

<6,911 

<23,903 

<222,461 

21 

4,584,674 

3,695,048 

117,661 

97,493 

3,479,894 

665,804 

125,967 

539,837 

96,151 

127,671 

33,718 

415 

93,538 

22 

3,275,025 
523,410 

2,704,421 

97,588 

147,436 

2,459,397 

358,489 

29,850 

328,639 

6,712 

10,647 

205,403 

27,071 

7, 521 
1,325 

170,811 

23 

417,290 

32,752 

27,317 

357,221 

75,187 

12,835 

62,352 

20,286 

4,265 

14,696 

24 

27,153,497 

4 22,289,075 

<911,606 

4 455,430 

20,922,039 

2,681,281 

388,466 

2,292,815 

892,398 

4 1,290,743 

<234,021 

4 52,854 

4 1,003,868 

25 

6,535,441 

4 5,105,722 

4 187,087 

4 115,243 

4,803,392 

912,614 

166,630 

745,984 

269,651 

4 247,454 

4 36,589 

4 22,266 

4 188,599 

26 

238,246 

164,559 

6,050 

5,664 

152,845 

62,590 

43,067 

19,523 

438 

10,659 

2,642 

2,000 

6,017 

27 

8 128,161,063 

4 99,861,056 

4 3,517,425 

4 2,647,494 

93,696,137 

5 17,317,225 

2,302,679 

= 15,014,546 

3,996,568 

*6,986,214 

4 2,344,575 

4 787,163 

4 3,854,476 

28 

8 6,859,204 

5,400,104 

329,796 

232,105 

4,838,203 

5 713,984 

100,792 

= 613,192 

404,429 

340,687 

48,704 

6,036 

285,947 

29 

2,812,079 

<2,303,146 

4 115,072 

4 62,031 

2,126.043 

334,867 

41,603 

293,264 

36,247 

4 137,819 

4 12,340 

>21,214 

4 104,265 

30 

3,217,579 

2.524,073 

118,347 

77,426 

2,328,300 

603,920 

110,661 

493,259 

2,169 

87,417 

55,183 

2,500 

29,734 

31 

5,286,920 

3,587,503 

202,349 

180,385 

3,204,769 

789,082 

230,282 

558,800 

251,824 

658,511 

117,232 

114,453 

426,826 

32 

6,533,164 

4 5,286,S90 

4 132,530 

4 113,910 

5,040,450 

862,697 

195,163 

667,534 

103,330 

4 280,247 

<85,484 

4 10,162 

4 184,601 

33 

45,469,759 

<34,000,488 

4 1,596,534 

4 1.408,251 

30,995,703 

5,845,954 

707,151 

5,138,803 

2,870,850 

<2,752,467 

4 485,161 

4 62,279 

4 2,205,027 

4 319,723 
7,085 

34 

35 

8,146,526 
318,438 

<6,219,817 
249,739 

4 230,615 
8,700 

4 180,954 
6,830 

5,808,248 
234,209 

1,435,465 

59,225 

307,831 

5,836 

1,127,634 

53,389 

104,908 

>386,336 

9,474 

<55,969 

2,389 

4 10,644 

36 

7,806,117 

5,966,251 

415,349 

264,560 

5,286,342 

1,140,858 

255,130 

885,728 

210,008 

489,000 

58,959 

93,439 

336,602 

37 

9,394,037 

4 7,364,973 

4 342,409 

4 190,757 

6,831,807 

1,234,149 

197,334 

1,036,815 

332,219 

<462,696 

<65,889 

4 9,139 

<387.668 

38 

9,140,144 

4 7,144,573 

4 479,019 

<242,562 

6,422,992 

984,049 

136,842 

847,207 

325,239 

4 686,283 

*57,083 

<86.660 

4 542,540 

39 

79,351,941 

<62,311,534 

I < 1,972,404 

4 1,683,853 

58,655,277 

10,057,493 

1,517,684 

8,539,809 

3,209,038 

4 3,773,876 

<1,301,289 

4 393,320 

<2,079,267 

40 

5,185,588 

4,055,674 

260,401 

183,805 

3,611,468 

500,909 

69,897 

431,012 

399,649 

229,356 

35,285 

6,036 

188,035 

41 

1,628,096 

1,194,785 

82,481 

41,876 

1.070,428 

125,973 

30,664 

95,309 

99,364 

207,974 

dOj 

114,453 

37,734 

42 

6.205,090 

<5,017.095 

4 115,160 

4 107,823 

4,794,112 

824,851 

190,205 

634,646 

90,993 

4 272,151 

4 81,339 

4 10,162 

4 180,650 

43 

24,327,363 

4 18,194,203 

4 1,009,940 

4 700,682 

16,483,581 

3,200,654 

379,157 

2,821,497 

1,575,439 

4 1,357,067 

4 213,655 

4 58,123 

4 1,085,289 

44 

5 9,062,318 

6,304,674 

272,022 

296,281 

5.736,371 

s 1,207,792 

330,854 

= 876,938 

14,821 

1,535,031 

80,489 

657,945 

796,597 

45 

46 

5 4^885; 458 
1,031,805 

3,731.093 
798,711 

71,561 

44,861 

107,573 
23,480 

3 , 551,959 

730,370 

5 933.018 
214,071 

106,646 
36,611 

6 826,372 
177,460 

97,917 

123,430 

19,023 

3,212,338 

67,237 

10,863 

393,843 

56,193 
8,160 

47 

5 48^ 809; 122 

37,549,522 

1,545,021 

963,641 

35,040,860 

5 7,259,732 

784,995 

= 6,474,737 

787,530 

1,043,286 

1,775,209 

48 

5 1,673,616 

1,344,430 

69,395 

48,300 

1,226,735 

5 213,075 

30,895 

=182,180 

4,780 

111,331 

13,419 


97,912 

49 

3; 658,824 

2,392,718 

119,868 

138,509 

2,134,341 

663,109 

199,618 

463,491 

152,460 

450,537 

8,096 

61,445 


389,092 

3,951 

50 

328,074 

269,795 

17,370 

6,087 

246,338 

37,846 

4,958 

32,888 

12,337 

4,145 


51 

21,142,396 

15,806,285 

586,594 

707,569 

14,512,122 

2,645,300 

327,994 

2,317,306 

1,295,411 

1,395,400 

271,506 

4,156 

1,119,738 


«The totals for the United States include $433,801, cost of coal purchased for coking at mines, of which $128,176 are included in the statistics for Alabama, $261,475 in 

those for Colorado, $27,804 in those for Pennsylvania, and $16,346 in those for Tennessee. 

6 The total number of producing anthracite mines given for Pennsylvania includes 63 river dredges and o2 washeries. 

__ e _ii —ion ro- oaq xirViirtVi xirorA fnr unmirnflnpind minfts ann S13Q 32- 



$139, 

GxplosivCu V11 ...... .- j ~~ _ _________ , - , 

of this latter amount the deductions for Pennsylvania were S4,864,S44, and for Colorado and New Mexico $8,069. 

8 Includes California, Georgia, and Idaho. 

















































































































1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 


COAL MINING. 

COAL MINES—GENERAL STATISTICS, BY STATES: 1909. 


Table 63—Continued. 


STATE. 


UNITED STATES—All mines. 
ANTHRACITE 


All mines. 


Nonproducing mines. 

Producing mines. 

Pennsylvania. 

Colorado and New Mexico. 


BITUMINOUS 


All mines. 


Nonproducing mines ... 
Producing mines: 

United States. 


Alabama. 
Arkansas. 
Colorado.. 
Illinois... 
Indiana... 


Iowa. 

Kansas.... 
Kentucky. 
Maryland.. 
Michigan.. 


Missouri. 

Montana. 

New Mexico... 
North Dakota. 

Ohio. 

Oklahoma. 

Oregon. 

Pennsylvania.. 


Tennessee. 

Texas. 

Utah. 

Virginia... 


Washington. 

West Virginia... 

Wyoming. 

All other states 8 . 


Producing bituminous mines without coke 
manufacture 


Alabama. 

Colorado. 

Kentucky. 

Pennsylvania. 85, 


Tennessee. 

Virginia. 

Washington... 
West Virginia. 


Producing bituminous mines with coke 
manufacture 


Alabama. 

Colorado. 

Kentucky_ 

Pennsylvania. 


Tennessee. 

Virginia. 

Washington... 
West Virginia. 


PRODUCTS. 


Number of tons produced (2,000 pounds). 


Coal. 


Total. 

Loaded at 
mines for 
shipment, or 
used in other 
departments 
by producers. 

Sold locally. 

Used at 
mines for 
steam and 
heat. 

Made into 
coke at 
mines. 

Mined by machines. 

Quantity. 

Per cent. 

457,833,640 

> 378,254,214 

11,514,926 

17,991,897 

2 50,072,603 



80,968,130 

70,246,074 

2,105,772 

8,616,284 



. 








80.96S.130 

70,246,074 

2,105.772 

8,616,284 




80.881,106 

70.161.446 

2,105,772 

8,613,888 




87.024 

84.628 

2.396 




376,865.510 

i 308,008,140 

9,409,154 

9,375,613 

2 50,072,603 

144,775.410 

38.4 








376,865,510 

i 308,008,140 

9,409,154 

9,375,613 

2 50,072,603 

144,775,410 

38.4 

13.676,561 

8.236,595 

139,375 

536.495 

2 4.764,096 

2.295,500 

16.8 

2,373,619 

2,269,395 

13,810 

90,414 


4.444 

0.2 

10,642,868 

8,407,618 

249,959 

328,572 

21,656,719 

2.046.645 

19.2 

50,570,503 

46,602,733 

2,508.463 

1,459.307 


18,140.591 

35.9 

14,723,231 

13,484,475 

803,871 

434,885 


7,450.091 

50.6 

7,725.679 

6,834,088 

679,579 

212,012 


8,414 

0.1 

6,895,660 

6,575.258 

174.067 

146,335 


54,976 

0.8 

10,561,276 

9,812,859 

401,182 

261,926 

85,309 

6,494.960 

61.5 

4,001,272 

3,915,794 

36,493 

48.985 


117.568 

2.9 

1,772,315 

1,611,182 

91,057 

70,076 


628,211 

35.4 

3,596,691 

3,237,360 

293,160 

66,171 


798.878 

22.2 

2,543,383 

8 2,338,464 

91,849 

113,070 

(«) 

854,771 

33.6 

2,774,912 

6 2,712,022 

30,492 

32,398 

( 6 ) 

1.089.119 

39.2 

364,536 

242,628 

109,356 

12,552 


164,365 

45.1 

27,518,764 

26,166,148 

747,807 

604.809 


22,112,063 

80.4 

3,113,149 

2,879.113 

44,935 

189.101 


50,811 

1.6 

83,704 

44,236 

22,128 

17,340 


22,000 

26.3 

137,304,760 

98,472,107 

2,097,098 

2,959,862 

8 33.775,693 

57.574,954 

41.9 

5,972,930 

5,399,092 

79,568 

98.978 

2 395,292 

1,024,398 

17.2 

1.824,742 

1,770,504 

6,330 

47.908 


17.230 

0.9 

2,259,789 

6 2,136,533 

22,637 

100,619 

(6) 



4,949,341 

2, 802,693 

50,232 

183,433 

1,912,983 

1,439,811 

29.1 

3,601,213 

3,331,087 

56,828 

143.590 

69,708 

48.690 

1.4 

51,495,666 

43,817,088 

582,420 

927.729 

6,168.429 

20.945.819 

40.7 

6,294,596 

5,941,776 

68,324 

284,496 


1.391.101 

22.1 

224,350 

6 211,666 

8,134 

4,550 

8 1,244,374 



6.515.922 

6,142.266 

116,763 

256.893 


1.151.808 

17.7 

6.991.756 

6,536,517 

235.697 

222,542 


2,046.645 

29.3 

9,386,178 

8.809,170 

378.949 

198,059 


5,512,263 

58.7 

85,103,949 

81,604,471 

1.690,930 

1.808,548 


46.873,329 

55.1 

4,657,257 

4.531,058 

58,173 

68,026 


94U599 

20.3 

1,490.135 

1,437,249 

21,707 

31,179 


616,076 

41.3 

3,496,242 

3,300,078 

56.236 

139,928 


48.690 

1.4 

27,166,931 

26.320,796 

375,591 

470,544 


13,871,026 

51.1 

7.160,639 

2,094,329 

22,612 

279,602 

2 4,764,096 

1,143,6j2 

16.0 

3,648,112 

1,871.101 

14,262 

106,030 

21.656.719 



1.175,098 

1.003,689 

22,233 

63,867 

85,309 

982.697 

83.6 

52,200,811 

16,867,636 

406,168 

1,151.314 

2 33,775,693 

10,701,625 

20.5 

1,315,673 

868,034 

21,395 

30,952 

2 395.292 

79,799 

6.1 

3,459,206 

1,365,444 

28,525 

152.254 

1,912.983 

823,735 

23.8 

104,971 

31.009 

592 

3.662 

69,708 



24,328,735 

17.496,292 

206,829 

457.185 

6,168,429 

7,074,793 

29.1 


Coke made 
at mines. 


32,450,482 


32,450,482 


32,450,482 


2,883,774 

"i,061,868 


38,503 


(•) 

(•) 


22.499,706 

213,759 


( 6 ) 

1,264.213 

42.980 

3.809.028 


8 636,651 


2,883,774 

1,061.868 

38,503 

22,499.706 

213,759 
1,264.213 
42,980 
3,809,028 


1 Exclusive of 1,244,374 tons of coal made into coke at mines, which are included in this column in the statistics for Georgia, Montana, New Mexico, and Utah, to avoid 
closing individual operations. 

8 The total for the United States excludes 418,225 tons of coal puichased for coking at mines, of which 102,487 tons are excluded from the total for Alabama, 262,789 
s from the total for Colorado, 36,684 tons from the total for Pennsylvania, and 16,265 from the total for Tennessee. 

8 Exclusive of 82,328,122, value of coke made at mines, which is included in this column in the statistics for Georgia, Montana, New Mexico, and Utah, to avoid 
losing individual operations. 

4 The total for the United States includes 1 water wheel of 4 horsepower in Kansas, 4 water wheels of 320 horsepower and 2 water motors of 14 horsepower in Washington, 
12 water wheels of 10 horsepower in West Virginia. 






























































































































































STATISTICS BY STATES. 

COAL MINES—GENERAL STATISTICS, BY STATES: 1909—Continued. 


53 



products— continued. 

Value at mines. 

Valuation 
of coal 
made into 
coke at 
mines (not 
charged to 
expense nor 
added to 
value of 
product). 

Total. 

Coal (exclu¬ 
sive of coal 
made into 
coke). 

Cuke made 
at mines. 

Other 

prod¬ 

ucts. 

1 

$577,142,935 

3 $509,232,811 

$67,483,162 

$426,962 

$41,281,055 

2 

149,180,471 

149,180,471 








3 






4 

149,180,471 

149,180,471 




5 

148,957,894 

148,957,894 




6 

222,577 

222,577 




7 

427,962,464 

3360,052,340 

67,483,162 

426,962 

41,281,055 

8 






9 

427,962,464 

3360,052,340 

67,483.162 

426,962 

41,281,055 

10 

18,459,433 

10,777,476 

7,670,711 

11,246 

5,396,802 

11 

3,508,590 

3,508,490 


100 


12 

15', 782,197 

12,483,536 

3,2%, 590 

2,071 

1,620,732 

13 

53,030,545 

52,999,918 


30,627 


14 

15^018,123 

14,984,616 


33|507 


15 

12,682,106 

12,679,225 


2,881 


16 

9,835' 614 

9,835,567 


47 


17 

10,003,481 

9,921,441 

80,633 

1,407 

. 

17,637 

IS 

4,483,137 

4,445,041 


38,096 


19 

3,175,102 

3,175,102 



20 

5,881,034 



1,062 


21 

. 5,117,444 

? 5 ;117,444 

■ (") 

( 8 ) 

22 

3,984,660 

’ 3,974,250 

( 8 ) 

10,410 

( 8 ) 

23 

563,212 

563,212 




24 

27,353,663 

27,274,403 


79,260 


25 

6' 185|078 

6 ;184,420 


658 

I. 

26 

'225j026 

' 225,026 



. 

27 

147,466^417 

103,315,679 

43,937,062 

213,676 

26,197,001 

28 

6,688,454 

6,102,769 

585,685 


445,746 

29 

3,136,004 

3,134,720 


1,284 


30 

4,111,987 

7 4,111,987 

( 8 ) 


( 8 ) 

31 

4,988,328 

2,776,965 

2,211,363 


1,559,220 

32 

9,226,793 

8,986,189 

240,604 


153,518 

33 

46,929,592 

39,797,027 

7,132,392 

173 

4,546,867 

34 

9,721,134 

9,721,134 




35 

'405,310 

1 ' 404,853 

9 2,328,122 

457 

9 1,343,532 

36 

8,125,811 

8,114,565 


11,246 


37 

10^ 208' 042 

10|208,042 



38 

9' 006,946 

9^005'539 


1,407 


39 

85' 773' 883 

85'749,052 


24; 831 


40 

5,130,791 

5,130,791 



41 

1,379,924 

L379'924 




42 

8 915,528 

8,915,528 




43 

23 330,421 

23,330 ,248 

. 

173 


44 

10,333,622 

2,662,911 

7,670,711 


5,396,802 

45 

5,574,155 

2,275,494 

3,296,590 

2,071 

1,620,732 

46 

996,535 

915,902 

80,633 


17,637 

47 

61,692,534 

17,566,627 

43,937,062 

188,845 

26,197,001 

48 

1,557,663 

971,978 

585,685 


445,746 

49 

3,608,404 

1,397,041 

2,211,363 


1,559,220 

50 

311,265 

70,661 

240,604 


153,518 

51 

23,599,171 

16,466,779 

7,132,392 


4,546,867 


Total 

horse¬ 

power. 


<1,908,708 


678,698 


1,945 
676,753 
676,128 
625 


<1,230,010 


2,609 

<1,227,401 


54,084 

10,508 

34,085 

166,174 

45,910 

19,118 
< 19,707 
44,314 
9,845 
7,912 

11,898 

16,173 

9.3S7 

2,025 

97,422 

26,316 

1,109 

404,654 

16,075 

6,217 

6,929 

16,630 

<16,812 
<155,576 
28,071 
450 


18,776 

27,350 

38,409 

238,250 


11,580 
5,214 
<16,252 
< 79,238 


35,308 
6,735 
5,905 
166,404 

4,495 
11,416 
< 560 
76,338 


POWER. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
mining 
ma¬ 
chines. 

COKE OVENS 
AT MINES. 

Primary. 

Secondary. 

Steam engines. 

Gas engines. 

Electric mo¬ 
tors operated 
by purchased 
’ current. 

Electric motors 
run by cur¬ 
rent generated 
by the 

mine operators. 

Built. 

Build¬ 

ing. 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Horse¬ 

power. 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Horse¬ 

power. 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Horse¬ 

power. 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Horse¬ 

power. 

19,373 

1,878,555 

374 

3,101 

872 

26,704 

10,872 

375,626 

13,585 

86,379 

1,403 

7,601 

676,516 

25 

772 

32 

1,410 

1,152 

46,088 




21 

1,945 







.1 



7,580 

674^571 

25 

772 

32 

1,410 

1,152 

46,088 




7,567 

673,946 

25 

772 

32 

1,410 

1 ,152 

46,088 




13 

625 








11,772 

1,202,039 

349 

2,329 

840 

25,294 

9,720 

329,538 

13,585 

86,379 

1,403 

34 

2,609 





3 

240 




11,738 

1,199,430 

349 

2,329 

840 

25,294 

9,717 

329,298 

13,585 

86,379 

1,403 

503 

53,334 

10 

87 

15 

663 

366 

11,584 

300 

8,607 


140 

10,508 





20 

1,746 

12 



404 

32,132 

2 

7 

52 

1,946 

281 

9,816 

259 

3,281 


1,987 

165,441 

71 

484 

16 

249 

298 

12,165 

1,372 

24 


577 

45,739 

19 

91 

4 

80 

187 

7,476 

672 

10 


354 

18,746 

76 

329 

2 

43 

32 

1,375 

7 



330 

19,604 

12 

56 

4 

43 

' 15 

960 

16 



563 

43,230 

10 

49 

34 

1,035 

354 

11,736 

907 

374 


194 


2 

35 

3 


40 

1,273 

39 



94 

7,900 

2 

12 



47 

2,162 

115 



238 

11,619 

30 

144 

6 

135 

78 

2,042 

103 



109 

16,066 

1 

3 

6 

104 

86 

2,801 

82 



53 

7,866 

2 

21 

44 

1,500 

72 

4^068 

8 

980 


37 

2,014 

2 

11 



26 

565 

20 



1,003 

95,545 

26 

159 

91 

1,718 

1,211 

35,501 

1,537 

4 


277 

25,881 



9 


31 

1,700 

34 



15 

1,109 





9 

200 

27 



2,993 

393,371 

50 

541 

308 

10,742 

3,617 

115,195 

5,725 

49,510 

1,227 

153 

16,027 

9 

48 



103 

4,054 

191 

1,457 


92 

6,217 





11 



60 

6'914 



1 

15 

68 

3,211 


650 


128 

16,451 

2 

9 

9 

170 

296 

9,775 

112 

5,130 

50 

133 

16,300 

1 

7 

6 

171 

169 

5,834 

18 

185 


1,114 

149,815 

20 

146 

222 

5,605 

2,232 

81,598 

1,890 

15,966 

126 

172 

27,356 

2 

90 

8 

625 

79 

2,461 

121 




450 







201 













226 

18,719 

5 

57 



50 

1,999 

182 



348 

25 477 

2 

7 

50 

1,866 

185 

5', 721 

258 



503 

37 325 

10 

49 

34 

1,035 

330 

loj 016 

783 



1 688 

232,459 


501 

159 

5,290 

2,601 

77,810 

4,471 



111 

11,537 

7 

43 



78 

3,314 

167 



43 

5 035 

2 

9 

9 

170 

46 

1,145 

57 



127 

16,100 

1 

7 

5 

96 

158 


18 



571 

76,610 

16 

124 

no 

2,494 

1,022 

32'525 

1,387 



277 

34,615 

5 

30 

15 

663 

316 

9,585 

118 

8,607 


56 




2 

80 

96 

4,095 

1 

3,281 


60 

5 905 





24 

l' 720 

124 

'374 


1,305 

130,912 

5 

40 

149 

5,452 

1,016 

37j385 

1,254 

49,510 

1,227 

42 

4,490 

2 

5 



25 

740 

24 

1,457 


85 

11,416 





250 

8,630 

55 

5,130 

50 

6 

200 



1 


11 

280 


185 


543 

73,205 

4 

22 

112 

3, 111 

1,210 

49,073 

503 

15,966 

126 


t Includes coal made into coke at mines, to avoid disclosing individual operations. 

• See “All other states.” ....... 

»Includes value of coke made at mines, to avoid disclosing individual operations. 
s Includes California, Georgia, and Idaho. , 

9 Includes Montana, New Mexico, and Utah, to avoid disclosing individual operations. 



















































































































































































































































54 


COAL MINING. 

COAL MINES—GENERAL STATISTICS, BY STATES: 1909—Continued 


Table 62—Continued. 


PERSONS ENGAGED IN INDUSTRY. 


Proprietors and officials. 


Clerks and other 
subordinate salaried 
employees. 


Wage earners, December 15, or nearest 
representative day. 



STATE. 

Aggre¬ 

gate. 

Total. 

Proprietors and 
firm members. 

Salaried 
officers 
of cor¬ 
pora¬ 
tions. 

Super¬ 

intend¬ 

ents 

and 

man¬ 

agers. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Engineers, firemen, 
and mechanics. 

Miners 
and 
miners’ 
helpers 
(all in¬ 
side). 

Total. 

Per¬ 

forming 

manual 

labor. 

Total. 

Out¬ 

side. 

In¬ 

side. 

1 

UNITED STATES—All mines... 

i 771,773 

>12,991 

3,936 

1,790 

i 2,505 

i 6,550 

‘14,483 

‘13,373 

i 1,110 

744,299 

42,191 

34,230 

7,961 

467,685 


ANTHRACITE. 















2 

All mines. 

178,331 

1,321 

188 

72 

171 

962 

3,185 

3,127 

58 

173,825 

12,287 

9,767 

2,520 

83,337 

3 

Nonproducing mines. 

327 

6 




6 




321 

15 

15 


181 

4 

Producing mines. 

178,004 

1,315 

188 

72 

171 

956 

3,185 

3,127 

58 

173,504 

12,272 

9,752 

2,520 

83,156 

5 

Pennsylvania. 

177,753 

1,310 

188 

72 

171 

951 

3,180 

3,122 

58 

173,263 

12,248 

9,728 

2,520 

83,030 

6 

Colorado and New Mexico. 

251 

5 




5 

5 

5 


241 

24 

24 


126 


BITUMINOUS. 















7 

All mines. 

> 593,442 

111,670 

3,748 

1,718 

12,334 

i 5,588 

‘11,298 

‘ 10,246 

‘ 1,052 

570,474 

29,904 

24,463 

5,441 

384,348 

8 

Nonproducing mines. 

765 

50 

9 

5 

19 

22 

30 

30 


685 

78 

74 

4 

325 


Producing mines: 















9 

United States. 

i 592,677 

‘11,620 

3,739 

1,713 

i 2,315 

i 5,566 

‘11,268 

‘10,216 

i 1,052 

569, 789 

29,826 

24,389 

5,437 

384,023 

10 

Alabama. 

24,822 

556 

40 

6 

135 

381 

787 

746 

41 

23,479 

1,959 

1,587 

372 

13,478 

11 

Arkansas. 

5,678 

135 

38 

20 

27 

70 

81 

76 

5 

5,462 

392 

350 

42 

3,800 

12 

Colorado. 

16,166 

417 

165 

10 

73 

179 

288 

256 

32 

15,461 

966 

770 

196 

9,647 

13 

Illinois. 

76,761 

1,364 

528 

359 

243 

593 

952 

847 

105 

74,445 

3,699 

2,974 

725 

53,503 

14 

Indiana. 

23,109 

458 

202 

110 

99 

157 

294 

246 

48 

22,357 

1,017 

933 

84 

17,129 

15 

Iowa. 

18,332 

514 

298 

225 

79 

137 

195 

158 

37 

17,623 

752 

600 

152 

13,073 

16 

Kansas. 

13,374 

401 

283 

152 

40 

78 

182 

155 

27 

12, 791 

512 

387 

125 

9,972 

17 

Kentucky. 

20,632 

537 

118 

39 

173 

240 

440 

400 

40 

19,655 

997 

857 

140 

14,614 

18 

Maryland. 

6,069 

130 

28 

13 

20 

82 

141 

136 

5 

5,79S 

252 

212 

40 

3,833 

19 

Michigan. 

3,782 

154 

104 

70 

17 

33 

56 

41 

15 

3,572 

209 

186 

23 

2,796 

20 

Missouri. 

9,991 

381 

244 

208 

32 

105 

84 

68 

16 

9,526 

356 

347 

9 

7,015 

21 

Montana. 

4,793 

93 

41 

28 

14 

38 

88 

80 

8 

4,612 

463 

341 

122 

3,096 

22 

New Mexico. 

3,688 

52 

13 

8 

14 

25 

146 

127 

19 

3,490 

207 

122 

85 

2,324 

23 

North Dakota. 

954 

77 

51 

19 

5 

21 

20 

18 

2 

857 

48 

42 

6 

581 

24 

Ohio. 

46,046 

993 

421 

203 

201 

371 

648 

551 

97 

44,405 

1,946 

1,690 

256 

33,155 

25 

Oklahoma. 

9,124 

143 

35 

22 

39 

69 

167 

160 

7 

8,814 

790 

666 

124 

5,414 

26 

Oregon. 

271 

14 

9 

9 

1 

4 

6 

6 


251 

28 

13 

15 

196 

27 

Pennsylvania. 

190,602 

2,996 

808 

183 

475 

1,713 

3,198 

2,883 

315 

184,408 

8,083 

6,549 

1,534 

123,059 

28 

Tennessee. 

11,729 

235 

20 

9 

78 

137 

340 

325 

15 

11,154 

534 

377 

157 

7,348 

29 

Texas. 

4,416 

79 

8 


22 

49 

103 

95 

8 

4,234 

234 

202 

32 

3,192 

30 

Utah. 

3^263 

50 

5 


18 

27 

53 

4S 

5 

3^160 

330 

255 

75 

l'941 

31 

Virginia. 

10' 418 

128 

15 


42 

71 

248 

237 

11 

10' 042 

772 

623 

149 

4 ,970 

32 

Washington. 

6,348 

69 

6 

2 

16 

47 

124 

110 

14 

6,155 

502 

426 

76 

3,834 

33 

West Virginia. 

72,477 

1,038 

59 

12 

287 

692 

1,773 

1,700 

73 

69,666 

4,285 

3,435 

850 

40,710 

34 

Wyoming. 

8,267 

272 

185 

4 

24 

63 

156 

149 

7 

7,839 

455 

407 

48 

5,054 

35 

All other states 2 . 

562 

22 

15 

2 

3 

4 

7 

6 

1 

533 

38 

38 


289 


Producing bituminous mines without 
















coke manufacture. 















36 

Alabama. 

12,427 

320 

40 

6 

109 

171 

386 

367 

19 

11,721 

733 

641 

92 

8,162 

37 

Colorado. 

10,942 

381 

165 

10 

65 

151 

193 

168 

25 

10,368 

595 

535 

60 

6,972 

38 

Kentucky. 

18,869 

517 

118 

39 

170 

229 

417 

380 

37 

17,935 

872 

746 

126 

13,177 

39 

Pennsylvania. 

119,972 

1,971 

724 

179 

336 

911 

1,927 

1,687 

240 

116,074 

5,229 

3,887 

1,342 

87,778 

40 

Tennessee. 

8,931 

191 

20 

9 

69 

102 

270 

258 

12 

8,470 

418 

304 

114 

5,850 

41 

Virginia. 

3,197 

68 

10 


26 

32 

68 

61 

7 

3,061 

155 

131 

24 

1,941 

42 

Washington. 

6', 035 

61 

6 

2 

15 

40 

117 

103 

14 

5i 857 

473 

401 

72 

3 ,748 

43 

West Virginia. 

38,107 

726 

57 

12 

194 

475 

918 

882 

36 

36,463 

2,213 

1,801 

412 

22,966 


Producing bituminous mines with coke 







* 









manufacture. 















44 


12,395 

236 



26 

210 

401 

379 

22 

11,758 

1,226 

946 

280 

5,316 

45 

Colorado. 

5 ,224 

36 



8 

28 

95 

88 

7 

5 ,093 

'371 

235 

136 

2,675 

46 

Kentucky. 

1 ,763 

20 



3 

17 

23 

20 

3 

1,720 

125 

111 

14 

1,437 

47 

Pennsylvania. 

70 ,630 

1,025 

84 

4 

139 

802 

1,271 

1,196 

75 

68,334 

2,854 

2,662 

192 

35,281 

4S 

Tennessee. 

2,798 

44 



9 

35 

70 

67 

3 

2,684 

116 

73 

43 

1,498 

49 

Virginia. 

7, 221 

60 

5 


16 

39 

180 

176 

4 

6', 981 

617 

492 

125 

3,029 

50 

Washington. 

313 

8 



1 

7 

7 

7 


'298 

29 

25 

4 

86 

51 

West Virginia. 

34,370 

312 

2 


93 

217 

855 

818 

37 

33,203 

2,072 

1,634 

438 

17,744 


i The United States totals include 592 male and 99 female clerks, 174 superintendents and managers, and 138 salaried officers of corporations employed in general offices 
who could not be distributed among the individual states; the states concerned are Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, 
Montana, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas, Washington, West Virginia, and Wyoming. See Introduction, “Administrative expenses of general offices.’’ 




















































































































































































1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 


STATISTICS BY STATES. 

COAL MINES—GENERAL STATISTICS, BY STATES: 1909—Continued. 


55 


persons engaged in industry— continued. 


Wage earners, December 15, or nearest representative 
day—Continued. 

Wage earners employed 15th day of— 

Other wage earners 16 years 
of age and over. 

Boys under 16 years 
of age. 

January. 

Febnis 

ary. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

Sep tem¬ 
per. 

October. 

Novem¬ 

ber. 

Decem¬ 

ber. 

Total. 

Outside. 

Inside. 

Total. 

Out¬ 

side. 

In¬ 

side. 

227,455 

104,931 

122,524 

6,968 

4,051 

2,917 

691,510 

686,653 

680,232 

650,344 

647,044 

653,440 

660,072 

667,813 

685,999 

705,742 

721,175 

730,164 

74,954 

35, 833 

39,121 

3,247 

3,234 

13 

173,059 

172,775 

173,297 

168,295 

168,402 

169,261 

167,731 

166,063 

166,351 

170,302 

170,925 

169,492 

125 

66 

59 




212 

270 

272 

286 

265 

297 

306 

323 

348 

341 

324 

308 

74,829 

35,767 

39,062 

3,247 

3,234 

13 

172,847 

172,505 

173,025 

168,009 

168,137 

168,964 

167,425 

165,740 

166,003 

169,961 

170,601 

169,184 

74,746 

35,716 

39,030 

3,239 

3,226 

13 

172,679 

172,417 

172,906 

167,928 

168,007 

168,715 

167,166 

165,486 

165,760 

169,729 

170,358 

168,943 

83 

51 

32 

8 

8 


168 

88 

119 

81 

130 

249 

259 

254 

243 

232 

243 

241 

152,501 

69,098 

83,403 

3,721 

817 

2,904 

518,451 

513,878 

506,935 

482,049 

478,642 

484,179 

492,341 

501,750 

519.648 

535,440 

550,250 

560,672 

282 

214 

68 




54 

61 

169 

188 

187 

249 

332 

344 

417 

462 

510 

583 

152,219 

68,884 

83,335 

3,721 

817 

2,904 

518,397 

513,817 

506,766 

481,861 

478,455 

483,930 

492,009 

501,406 

519,231 

534.978 

549,740 

560, 089 

7,622 

4,368 

3,254 

420 

200 

220 

22,493 

21,338 

21,478 

20,968 

20,507 

20,334 

20,463 

20,863 

21,626 

22,462 

22,456 

24,627 

1,257 

350 

907 

13 

1 

12 

4,840 

4,192 

3,681 

2,674 

2,789 

3,607 

4,060 

4,736 

4,914 

5.099 

5,253 

5,151 

4,791 

2,607 

2,184 

57 

23 

34 

14,043 

13,582 

13,327 

12,536 

11,859 

11,703 

11,707 

12,344 

13,370 

14,246 

14,650 

15,396 

17,166 

4,262 

12,904 

77 

4 

73 

69,376 

68,760 

67,569 

61,266 

60,852 

58,799 

59,637 

59,571 

64,177 

68,032 

70,074 

71,193 

4,158 

1,169 

2,989 

53 


53 

19,309 

19,117 

18,813 

17,394 

17,515 

16,670 

18,144 

18,635 

20,033 

20,626 

21,267 

21,318 

3,674 

1,178 

2,496 

124 

5 

119 

16,552 

16,518 

16,033 

14,379 

13,787 

13,381 

13,709 

14,410 

15,336 

16,132 

16,861 

17,235 

2,302 

735 

1,567 

5 

1 

4 

12,354 

12,362 

11,971 

10,255 

9,906 

11,032 

10,970 

11.158 

11,673 

12,078 

12,445 

12,586 

3,980 

1,860 

2,120 

64 

15 

49 

16,992 

16,884 

16,165 

15,189 

14,662 

14.609 

15,191 

15,651 

16,743 

17,874 

18,568 

19,127 

1,549 

739 

810 

164 

21 

143 

5,825 

5,753 

5,716 

5,570 

5,528 

5,533 

5,383 

5,257 

5,409 

5,445 

5,505 

5,772 

567 

132 

435 




3,703 

3,644 

3,611 

3,305 

3,112 

3,213 

3,254 

3,320 

3,382 

3,386 

3,414 

3,496 

2,136 

644 

1,492 

19 


19 

8,689 

8,392 

7,910 

5,795 

5,616 

6,231 

6,511 

7,057 

7,955 

8,680 

8,917 

9,370 

1,053 

597 

456 




4,095 

3,905 

3,940 

3,828 

3,950 

3,842 

3,741 

3,828 

4,088 

4,261 

4,498 

4.594 

911 

641 

270 

48 

18 

30 

3,530 

3,676 

3,576 

3,662 

3,516 

3,461 

3,589 

3,543 

3,623 

3,417 

3,444 

3,455 

227 

157 

70 

1 


1 

739 

724 

624 

411 

348 

321 

384 

391 

434 

694 

753 

848 

9,110 

2,383 

6,727 

194 

10 

184 

40,463 

40,405 

39,375 

36,910 

36,684 

37,235 

37,680 

39,281 

40,418 

40,784 

43,770 

43,126 

2,607 

850 

1,757 

3 


3 

7,545 

7,274 

6,676 

6,451 

6,377 

6,621 

7,296 

7,543 

7,794 

8,373 

8,544 

8,7* 

27 

27 





258 

270 

245 

199 

171 

121 

112 

141 

178 

229 

212 

235 

52,128 

27,961 

24,167 

1,138 

291 

847 

162,715 

163,261 

163,765 

158,820 

159,902 

164,889 

167,634 

169,672 

171,748 

175,066 

178,367 

182,146 

3,036 

1,434 

1,602 

236 

38 

198 

10,971 

10,726 

10,646 

10,372 

10,216 

10,005 

9,958 

10,205 

10,264 

10,636 

11,117 

11,119 

808 

378 

430 




4,032 

4.067 

4,011 

4,075 

3,904 

3,910 

4,015 

3,896 

3.988 

4,174 

4,093 

4,118 

861 

523 

338 

28 

17 

11 

2,912 

2,800 

2,653 

2,621 

2,473 

2,463 

2,581 

2,638 

2,667 

2,599 

2,670 

3,120 

4,173 

2,527 

1,646 

127 

25 

102 

9,014 

8,789 

8,620 

8,734 

8,727 

9,078 

9,075 

9,168 

9,032 

9,206 

9,596 

9,967 

1,788 

880 

908 

31 

31 


5,722 

5,795 

5,658 

5,674 

5,802 

5,763 

5,762 

5,708 

5,988 

6,044 

6,062 

6,020 

23,834 

11,485 

12,349 

837 

114 

723 

63,980 

63,461 

62,932 

63,308 

62,983 

63,906 

64,080 

65,276 

66,965 

67,704 

69.161 

68,986 

2,325 

868 

1,457 

5 

3 

2 

7,726 

7,620 

7,265 

6,956 

6,764 

6,699 

6,563 

6,593 

6,898 

7,200 

7,504 

7,825 

129 

129 


77 


77 

519 

502 

506 

509 

505 

504 

510 

521 

528 

531 

539 

539 

2,690 

990 

1,700 

136 

76 

60 

11,136 

10,362 

10,043 

10,046 

9,913 

10,042 

9,884 

10,120 

10,557 

10,975 

11,053 

11,456 

2,755 

1,164 

1,591 

46 

14 

32 

9,166 

8,682 

8,318 

7,943 

7,509 

7,390 

7,235 

7,732 

8,786 

9,416 

9,731 

10,303 

3,822 

1,702 

2,120 

64 

15 

49 

15,143 

15,038 

14,446 

13,445 

12,984 

13,014 

13,521 

13,967 

15,046 

16,132 

16,826 

17,435 

22,255 

8,226 

14,029 

812 

114 

698 

101,876 

102,025 

102,504 

100,236 

101,296 

103,976 

105,806 

106,475 

107,653 

109,464 

111,855 

113,913 

2,055 

887 

1,168 

147 

24 

123 

8,559 

8,257 

8,064 

7,909 

7,794 

7,647 

7,633 

7,821 

7,905 

8,024 

8,400 

8,445 

936 

252 

684 

29 

6 

23 

2,595 

2,472 

2,663 

2,954 

3,074 

3,248 

3.343 

3,315 

3,071 

3,176 

3,204 

2.986 

1,605 

798 

807 

31 

31 


5,434 

5,494 

5,376 

5,376 

5,472 

5,461 

5,453 

5,406 

5,705 

5,731 

5,752 

5,722 

10,776 

3,997 

6,779 

508 

63 

445 

32,463 

32,383 

31,862 

32,313 

31,888 

32,846 

33,005 

33,853 

34,966 

35,110 

35,901 

35,750 

4,932 

3,378 

1,554 

284 

124 

160 

11,357 

10,976 

11,435 

10,922 

10,594 

10,292 

10.579 

10,743 

11,069 

11,487 

11.403 

13,171 

2,036 

1,443 

593 

11 

9 

2 

4,877 

4,900 

5,009 

4,593 

4,350 

4,313 

4,472 

4,612 

4,584 

4,830 

4.919 

5,093 

158 

158 





1.849 

1,846 

1,719 

1,744 

1,678 

1,595 

1,670 

1.6S4 

1.697 

1.742 

1,742 

1,692 

29,873 

19,735 

10,138 

326 

177 

149 

60,839 

61,236 

61,261 

58,584 

58,606 

60,913 

61,828 

63.197 

64,095 

65,602 

66,512 

68,233 

981 

547 

434 

89 

14 

75 

2,412 

2,469 

2,582 

2,463 

2,422 

2,358 

2,325 

2,384 

2,359 

2,612 

2,717 

2,674 

3,237 

2,275 

962 

98 

19 

79 

6,419 

6,317 

5,957 

5,780 

5,653 

5,830 

5,732 

5,853 

5,961 

6,030 

6,392 

6,981 

183 

82 

101 




288 

301 

282 

298 

330 

302 

309 

302 

283 

313 

310 

298 

13,058 

7,488 

5,570 

329 

51 

278 

31,517 

31,078 

31,070 

30,995 

31,095 

31,060 

31,075 

31,423 

31,999 

32,594 

33,260 

33,236 


* Includes California, Georgia, and Idaho. 


o 

















































































































